{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T20:27:30Z","timestamp":1793824050050,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi240066-4\"><jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The eighth edition tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging for head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (HNcSCC) is a poor predictor of survival in patients with lymph node metastases, possibly due to the inclusion of extranodal extension (ENE).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi240066-5\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify the key determinants of prognosis in patients with nodal metastatic HNcSCC and analyze the association of ENE with TNM stage and investigate for prognostic heterogeneity in ENE-positive disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi240066-6\"><jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective, multicenter cohort study was conducted at 4 Australian tertiary referral centers using prospectively collected data in patients treated between 1980 and 2017 with a median (IQR) follow-up of 3.2 (3.9) years. The study population included 1309 consecutive patients with HNcSCC that was metastatic to parotid and\/or cervical nodes. After excluding cases with perioperative mortality, missing data, or follow-up, the final study population included 1151 patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi240066-7\"><jats:title>Exposure<\/jats:title><jats:p>Curative intent surgery\u2009\u00b1\u2009adjuvant radiotherapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi240066-8\"><jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Differences in locoregional control (LRC), disease-specific survival (DSS), and overall survival were determined using Cox regression analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi240066-9\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 1151 patients, 976 (84.8%) were male and 175 (15.2%) female, with a median age of 73.3 years (range, 18-100 years). On multivariable analysis, immunosuppression (hazard ratio [HR], 2.48; 95% CI, 1.64-3.74), perineural invasion (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.25-2.30), ENE (HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 0.95-2.44), size (&amp;amp;gt;3-6 cm vs \u22643 cm [HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.03-1.93]; &amp;amp;gt;6 cm vs \u22643 cm [HR, 5.01; 95% CI, 2.98-8.42]), and number of nodal metastases (3-4 vs 1-2 [HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.01-2.34]; \u22655 vs 1-2 [HR, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.99-4.11]) were associated with DSS. Similar results were found for LRC and overall survival. More than 90% of the population was categorized as TNM stage IV, with 32% attributable to ENE. In the ENE-positive subset (n\u2009=\u2009860), DSS ranged from 8% to 88% based on stratification using other clinicopathological factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi240066-10\"><jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study results suggest that immunosuppression, perineural invasion, ENE, and size and number of nodal metastases are associated with reduced survival and LRC in HNcSCC with nodal metastases. The inclusion of ENE in HNcSCC staging needs to be reassessed, as it ascribes excessive importance to ENE and upstages most patients to TNM stage IV, despite many having a high chance of cure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2024.3103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T15:58:50Z","timestamp":1727366330000},"page":"986","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Determinants of Prognosis in Head and Neck Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma With Nodal Metastases"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"Ardalan","family":"Ebrahimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O\u2019Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruta","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lachlan","family":"McDowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J. 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