{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:46:43Z","timestamp":1792180003831,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi250067-4\">\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The inflammation-modulating properties of sex hormones provide a pathophysiological basis for anticipating sex-based differences in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), but the role of biological sex has not been thoroughly studied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi250067-5\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate sex differences in CRS diagnosis and biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi250067-6\">\n                    <jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study used data from the All of Us Research Program, a large national dataset of US adults, collected from partner health care organizations including academic medical centers, Veterans Affairs facilities, and community health centers. From May 2018 to October 2023, a total of 393\u202f596 participants with electronic health records were considered for inclusion; those with incomplete data were excluded. Data analysis was conducted from April to September 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi250067-7\">\n                    <jats:title>Exposures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participant sex was the primary exposure, and covariates included demographics, socioeconomic status, risk factors, and comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi250067-8\">\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRS diagnosis, stratified into CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), and CRS biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi250067-9\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The analysis included 258\u202f245 participants, of whom 38.4% were male and 61.6% were female and most (57.3%) were 50 years or older. After controlling for covariates, female sex was associated with an increased odds of CRSsNP among those younger than 60 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.44; CI with Holm-Bonferroni correction [CIH-B], 1.35 to 1.54) and 60 years or older (OR, 1.32; CIH-B, 1.23 to 1.40), but a lower odds of CRSwNP (OR, 0.63; CIH-B, 0.52-0.76) compared to males. Compared to male participants, female participants had a lower concentration of serum eosinophils (\u03b2, \u22120.35; CIH-B, \u22120.44 to \u20130.25) and IgE (\u03b2, \u221299.73; CIH-B, \u2212190.49 to \u20138.96) among participants with CRSsNP after controlling for covariates, as well as lower eosinophils among participants with CRSwNP (\u03b2, \u22120.41; CIH-B, \u22120.80 to \u20130.01). Analyzing CRS prevalence by age group revealed a downtrend among female participants 60 years or older, despite an upward trend at younger age groups, with regression analysis demonstrating a negative interaction effect between female sex and age 60 years or older with odds of CRSsNP (OR, 0.91; CIH-B, 0.84 to 0.99).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-ooi250067-10\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study found that female sex was associated with a higher odds of CRSsNP, but a lower odds of CRSwNP compared to males. Biomarker analysis indicated a possible female disposition for nontype 2 inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2025.3734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T15:31:08Z","timestamp":1761233468000},"page":"18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Biological Sex and Chronic Rhinosinusitis Diagnosis and Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Richard G.","family":"Chiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, 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