{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T01:40:36Z","timestamp":1793670036983,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.3351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T13:34:04Z","timestamp":1571060044000},"page":"1186","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Pain and Sedation Scales for Neonatal and Pediatric Patients in a Preverbal Stage of Development"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"173","author":[{"given":"Vito","family":"Giordano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care, and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy","family":"Edobor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care, and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Deindl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, University Children\u2019s Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Wildner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Retrieval Office, University Library of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Goeral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care, and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Steinbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care, and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Werther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care, and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care, and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Olischar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care, and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"prv190002r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00331-8","article-title":"Sedation and analgesia practices in neonatal intensive care units (EUROPAIN): results from a prospective cohort study.","volume":"3","author":"Carbajal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"prv190002r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20154271","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4271","article-title":"Prevention and management of procedural pain in the neonate: an update.","volume":"137","author":"Watterberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"prv190002r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e211","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2346","article-title":"Successful implementation of a neonatal pain and sedation protocol at 2 NICUs.","volume":"132","author":"Deindl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"prv190002r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e515","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.2014.103.issue-12","article-title":"The Neonatal Pain, Agitation and Sedation Scale reliably detected oversedation but failed to differentiate between other sedation levels.","volume":"103","author":"Giordano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"23","key":"prv190002r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp070364","article-title":"Validity and reliability of measurement instruments used in research.","volume":"65","author":"Kimberlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"issue":"8","key":"prv190002r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0190-x","article-title":"Consensus guidelines on sedation and analgesia in critically ill children.","volume":"32","author":"Playfor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"prv190002r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-010-9606-8","article-title":"The COSMIN checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties of health status measurement instruments: an international Delphi study.","volume":"19","author":"Mokkink","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"prv190002r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9960-1","article-title":"Rating the methodological quality in systematic reviews of studies on measurement properties: a scoring system for the COSMIN checklist.","volume":"21","author":"Terwee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"prv190002r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.01.033","article-title":"Initial validation of the Behavioral Indicators of Infant Pain (BIIP).","volume":"132","author":"Holsti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"prv190002r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnn.2006.11.007","article-title":"Measurement of pain in premature infants with a gestational age between 28 to 37 weeks: Validation of the adapted COMFORT scale.","volume":"13","author":"Caljouw","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neonatal Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"prv190002r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F36","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.85.1.F36","article-title":"Development and initial validation of the EDIN scale, a new tool for assessing prolonged pain in preterm infants.","volume":"85","author":"Debillon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"4","key":"prv190002r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F263","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.144758","article-title":"Validation of a neonatal pain scale adapted to the new practices in caring for preterm newborns.","volume":"95","author":"Milesi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"6","key":"prv190002r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70390-7","article-title":"Physiological, hormonal, and behavioral responses to a single fentanyl dose in intubated and ventilated preterm neonates.","volume":"132","author":"Guinsburg","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"prv190002r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2003.00215.x","article-title":"Pilot study of a pain assessment tool in the neonatal intensive care unit.","volume":"39","author":"Marceau","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"prv190002r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/jcn.2011.21.issue-1-2","article-title":"Psychometric analysis of a Taiwan-version pain assessment scale for preterm infants.","volume":"21","author":"Liaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"10","key":"prv190002r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1080\/08035250510039919","article-title":"Development and validation of the ABC pain scale for healthy full-term babies.","volume":"94","author":"Bellieni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"prv190002r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00355.x","article-title":"Is the ABC pain scale reliable for premature babies?","volume":"96","author":"Bellieni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"prv190002r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-693X(97)83360-X","article-title":"APN: a behavioral acute pain rating scale for neonates","volume":"4","author":"Carbajal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"prv190002r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2004.04.001","article-title":"Pain assessment in the neonate using the Bernese Pain Scale for Neonates.","volume":"78","author":"Cignacco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"7","key":"prv190002r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181a5b52a","article-title":"Taking up the challenge of measuring prolonged pain in (premature) neonates: the COMFORTneo scale seems promising.","volume":"25","author":"van Dijk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"prv190002r23","first-page":"189","article-title":"Measuring the sedation level of mechanically ventilated infants by a modified COMFORT scale.","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"HK J Paediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"prv190002r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000228","article-title":"The validity and clinical utility of the COVERS scale and pain assessment tool for assessing pain in neonates admitted to an intensive care unit.","volume":"32","author":"O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"prv190002r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496719","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/496719","article-title":"COVERS neonatal pain scale: development and validation.","volume":"2010","author":"Hand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"prv190002r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/ael184","article-title":"A comparison of postoperative pain scales in neonates.","volume":"97","author":"Suraseranivongse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"prv190002r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.1995.5.issue-1","article-title":"CRIES: a new neonatal postoperative pain measurement score: initial testing of validity and reliability.","volume":"5","author":"Krechel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"prv190002r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9253710","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9253710","article-title":"EDIN scale implemented by gestational age for pain assessment in preterms: a prospective study.","volume":"2017","author":"Raffaeli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"prv190002r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2010.01.004","article-title":"Parallel assessment of prolonged neonatal distress by empathy-based and item-based scales.","volume":"14","author":"Garten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"prv190002r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00314-1","article-title":"The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement.","volume":"93","author":"Hicks","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"9","key":"prv190002r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2005.12.008","article-title":"Skin conductance as a measure of pain and stress in hospitalised infants.","volume":"82","author":"Harrison","year":"2006","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"prv190002r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90162-I","article-title":"Pain in the preterm neonate: behavioural and physiological indices.","volume":"52","author":"Craig","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"12","key":"prv190002r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2014.04.001","article-title":"Development and preliminary validation of the Neonatal Infant Acute Pain Assessment Scale (NIAPAS).","volume":"51","author":"P\u00f6lkki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"6","key":"prv190002r34","first-page":"59","article-title":"The development of a tool to assess neonatal pain.","volume":"12","author":"Lawrence","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neonatal Netw"},{"issue":"1","key":"prv190002r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199803000-00006","article-title":"A simultaneous comparison of three neonatal pain scales during common NICU procedures.","volume":"14","author":"Blauer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"prv190002r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.12.051","article-title":"Evaluation of the reliability, validity and practicality of 3 measures of acute pain in infants undergoing immunization injections.","volume":"29","author":"Taddio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"prv190002r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211861","article-title":"Clinical reliability and validity of the N-PASS: Neonatal Pain, Agitation and Sedation Scale with prolonged pain.","volume":"28","author":"Hummel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"prv190002r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2009.185","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the N-PASS assessment tool with acute pain.","volume":"30","author":"Hummel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"prv190002r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.21.6.15","article-title":"Validation of the Pain Assessment in Neonates (PAIN) scale with the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS).","volume":"21","author":"Hudson-Barr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neonatal Netw"},{"issue":"1","key":"prv190002r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/0884217504272810","article-title":"A reliable pain assessment tool for clinical assessment in the neonatal intensive care unit.","volume":"34","author":"Spence","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"prv190002r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199603000-00004","article-title":"Premature Infant Pain Profile: development and initial validation.","volume":"12","author":"Stevens","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"9","key":"prv190002r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181ed1070","article-title":"The Premature Infant Pain Profile: evaluation 13 years after development.","volume":"26","author":"Stevens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"prv190002r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e129","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050129","article-title":"How well do clinical pain assessment tools reflect pain in infants?","volume":"5","author":"Slater","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"prv190002r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-012-0760-6","article-title":"Kangaroo Mother Care in reducing pain in preterm neonates on heel prick.","volume":"80","author":"Nimbalkar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"prv190002r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2014.01.005","article-title":"Validation of the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R).","volume":"90","author":"Gibbins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"8","key":"prv190002r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.2014.103.issue-8","article-title":"Development and psychometric properties of the Swedish ALPS-Neo pain and stress assessment scale for newborn infants.","volume":"103","author":"Lundqvist","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"prv190002r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2000.00530.x","article-title":"Analysis of behavioural and physiological parameters for the assessment of postoperative analgesic demand in newborns, infants and young children: a comprehensive report on seven consecutive studies.","volume":"10","author":"B\u00fcttner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"issue":"1048","key":"prv190002r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2012-130808","article-title":"Pain assessment in neonates and infants in the post-operative period following cardiac surgery.","volume":"89","author":"Cury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"prv190002r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/17.1.95","article-title":"Assessing distress in pediatric intensive care environments: the COMFORT scale.","volume":"17","author":"Ambuel","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"prv190002r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e402","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12325","article-title":"COMFORT behaviour scale and skin conductance activity: what are they really measuring?","volume":"102","author":"Trist\u00e3o","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"prv190002r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2009.03.074","article-title":"Assessment of the level of sedation in children after cardiac surgery.","volume":"88","author":"Lamas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"prv190002r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.05.001","article-title":"The COMFORT-behavior scale is useful to assess pain and distress in 0- to 3-year-old children with Down syndrome.","volume":"152","author":"Valkenburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"prv190002r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PCC.0000149318.40279.1A","article-title":"Assessment of sedation levels in pediatric intensive care patients can be improved by using the COMFORT \u201cbehavior\u201d scale.","volume":"6","author":"Ista","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"prv190002r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00239-0","article-title":"The reliability and validity of the COMFORT scale as a postoperative pain instrument in 0 to 3-year-old infants.","volume":"84","author":"van Dijk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"11","key":"prv190002r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.07.021","article-title":"Construct validity of two pain behaviour observation measurement instruments for young children with burns by Rasch analysis.","volume":"153","author":"de Jong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"prv190002r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.2007.17.issue-4","article-title":"Development and preliminary psychometric testing of the Multidimensional Assessment of Pain Scale: MAPS.","volume":"17","author":"Ramelet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"issue":"12","key":"prv190002r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.2007.17.issue-12","article-title":"Clinical validation of the Multidimensional Assessment of Pain Scale.","volume":"17","author":"Ramelet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"prv190002r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(87)90073-X","article-title":"Pain expression in neonates: facial action and cry.","volume":"28","author":"Grunau","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"prv190002r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200311000-00003","article-title":"Neonatal Facial Coding System for assessing postoperative pain in infants: item reduction is valid and feasible.","volume":"19","author":"Peters","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"prv190002r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200209000-00006","article-title":"Observational visual analog scale in pediatric pain assessment: useful tool or good riddance?","volume":"18","author":"van Dijk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"prv190002r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2004.09.013","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the pain observation scale for young children and the visual analogue scale in children with burns.","volume":"31","author":"de Jong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Burns"},{"issue":"7","key":"prv190002r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-010-1354-9","article-title":"Assessing pain in ventilated newborns and infants: validation of the Hartwig score.","volume":"170","author":"H\u00fcnseler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"prv190002r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/136749350200600203","article-title":"Further development of the Liverpool Infant Distress Scale.","volume":"6","author":"Horgan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Child Health Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"prv190002r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-3924(95)00058-7","article-title":"A revised measure of acute pain in infants.","volume":"10","author":"Taddio","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"9","key":"prv190002r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.03.016","article-title":"Infant clinical pain assessment: core behavioral cues.","volume":"19","author":"DiLorenzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"prv190002r66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(98)80009-2","article-title":"Pain scores in infants: a modified infant pain scale versus visual analogue.","volume":"15","author":"Buchholz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"7","key":"prv190002r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.032599","article-title":"Validation of the Alder Hey Triage Pain Score.","volume":"89","author":"Stewart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"4","key":"prv190002r68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2003.01241.x","article-title":"The Cardiac Analgesic Assessment Scale (CAAS): a pain assessment tool for intubated and ventilated children after cardiac surgery.","volume":"14","author":"Suominen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"issue":"6","key":"prv190002r69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.2017.27.issue-6","article-title":"Validation of Adapted Dartmouth Operative Conditions Scale for sedation during pediatric esophagogastroduodenoscopy.","volume":"27","author":"Chandran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"issue":"8","key":"prv190002r70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.02.024","article-title":"EVENDOL, a new behavioral pain scale for children ages 0 to 7 years in the emergency department: design and validation.","volume":"153","author":"Fournier-Charri\u00e8re","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"prv190002r71","first-page":"140","article-title":"Clinical validation of FLACC: preverbal patient pain scale.","volume":"29","author":"Manworren","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"prv190002r72","first-page":"293","article-title":"The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children.","volume":"23","author":"Merkel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Nurs"},{"issue":"11","key":"prv190002r73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000305","article-title":"Systematic review of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability scale for assessing pain in infants and children: is it reliable, valid, and feasible for use?","volume":"156","author":"Crellin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"prv190002r74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31826dfb13","article-title":"A multidimensional approach to pain assessment in critically ill infants during a painful procedure.","volume":"29","author":"Ranger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"prv190002r75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(96)00182-0","article-title":"Comparison of three preverbal scales for postoperative pain assessment in a diverse pediatric sample.","volume":"12","author":"Schade","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"4","key":"prv190002r76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199908000-00004","article-title":"Clinimetric evaluation of the pain observation scale for young children in children aged between 1 and 4 years after ear, nose, and throat surgery.","volume":"20","author":"Boelen-van der Loo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"prv190002r77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-008-1198-1","article-title":"Assessing sedation in critically ill children by bispectral index, auditory-evoked potentials and clinical scales.","volume":"34","author":"Lamas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"prv190002r78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-016-0189-5","article-title":"Validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) in critically ill children.","volume":"4","author":"Kerson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"prv190002r79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2015-205517","article-title":"The Royal College of Emergency Medicine Composite Pain Scale for children: level of inter-rater agreement.","volume":"34","author":"James","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"prv190002r80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PCC.0000200955.40962.38","article-title":"State Behavioral Scale: a sedation assessment instrument for infants and young children supported on mechanical ventilation.","volume":"7","author":"Curley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"prv190002r81","first-page":"533","article-title":"Evaluation of pain incidence and pain management in a South African paediatric trauma unit.","volume":"101","author":"Thiadens","year":"2011","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"prv190002r82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/88.2.241","article-title":"Depth of sedation in children undergoing computed tomography: validity and reliability of the University of Michigan Sedation Scale (UMSS).","volume":"88","author":"Malviya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"2","key":"prv190002r83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000184045.01780.73","article-title":"A comparison of observational and objective measures to differentiate depth of sedation in children from birth to 18 years of age.","volume":"102","author":"Malviya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"6","key":"prv190002r84","first-page":"670","article-title":"Assessment of the validity and reliability of the University of Wisconsin Children\u2019s Hospital Pain Scale for Preverbal and Nonverbal Children.","volume":"25","author":"Soetenga","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Nurs"},{"issue":"11","key":"prv190002r85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(91)90594-J","article-title":"A research tool for measurement of recovery from sedation: the Vancouver Sedative Recovery Scale.","volume":"26","author":"Macnab","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"prv190002r86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PCC.0000257098.32268.AA","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Behavioural Observational Pain Scale for postoperative pain measurement in children 1-7 years of age.","volume":"8","author":"Hesselgard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"prv190002r87","first-page":"395","article-title":"The CHEOPS: a behavioral scale to measure post-operative pain children.","volume":"9","author":"McGrath","year":"1985","journal-title":"Adv Pain Res Ther"},{"key":"prv190002r88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2017.01.006","article-title":"Use of the Pasero Opioid-induced Sedation Scale (POSS) in pediatric patients.","volume":"33","author":"Quinlan-Colwell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"prv190002r89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0882-5963(99)80056-6","article-title":"Preverbal, Early Verbal Pediatric Pain Scale (PEPPS): development and early psychometric testing.","volume":"14","author":"Schultz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"prv190002r90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2011.01.003","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the modified Preverbal, Early Verbal Pediatric Pain Scale in emergency department pediatric patients.","volume":"19","author":"Strout","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Emerg Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"prv190002r91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(92)90031-6","article-title":"The Toddler-Preschooler Postoperative Pain Scale: an observational scale for measuring postoperative pain in children aged 1-5: preliminary report.","volume":"50","author":"Tarbell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"prv190002r92","first-page":"39","article-title":"A perspective on scale development in entrepreneurship research.","volume":"14","author":"Slavec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Econ Bus Rev Cent South-Eastern Eur."},{"issue":"1","key":"prv190002r94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e318200f983","article-title":"Measures of interrater agreement.","volume":"6","author":"Mandrekar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"prv190002r95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1159\/000014150","article-title":"Do cry features reflect pain intensity in preterm neonates? a preliminary study.","volume":"76","author":"Johnston","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"issue":"4","key":"prv190002r96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199912000-00006","article-title":"Validation of the premature infant pain profile in the clinical setting.","volume":"15","author":"Ballantyne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"prv190002r97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/00000446-200501000-00019","article-title":"The COMFORT Behavior Scale: a tool for assessing pain and sedation in infants.","volume":"105","author":"van Dijk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Nurs"},{"issue":"9","key":"prv190002r98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2017.88","article-title":"Reduced narcotic and sedative utilization in a NICU after implementation of pain management guidelines.","volume":"37","author":"Rana","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"prv190002r99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpam.2015.11.001","article-title":"The efficacy of the COMFORT score and pain management protocol in ventilated pediatric patients following cardiac surgery.","volume":"2","author":"Abou Elella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"prv190002r100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1322-5","article-title":"Cultural adaptation and harmonization of four Nordic translations of the revised Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP-R).","volume":"18","author":"Olsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"prv190002r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20072-4_2","volume-title":"Testtheorie und Fragebogenkonstruktion","author":"Moosbrugger","year":"2012"},{"key":"prv190002r7","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Research Methods in Psychology","author":"Price","year":"2015"},{"key":"prv190002r93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985772","volume-title":"Scaling Procedures: Issues and Applications","author":"Netemeyer","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["JAMA Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapediatrics\/articlepdf\/2753037\/jamapediatrics_giordano_2019_rv_190002.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T15:01:23Z","timestamp":1575298883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapediatrics\/fullarticle\/2753037"}},"subtitle":["A Systematic Review"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.3351","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-6203","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]}}}