{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T19:49:12Z","timestamp":1793216952758,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-poi220079-4\"><jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Social media platforms provide adolescents with unprecedented opportunities for social interactions during a critical developmental period when the brain is especially sensitive to social feedback.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-poi220079-5\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore how adolescents\u2019 frequency of checking behaviors on social media platforms is associated with longitudinal changes in functional brain development across adolescence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-poi220079-6\"><jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 3-year longitudinal cohort study of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) among sixth- and seventh-grade students recruited from 3 public middle schools in rural North Carolina.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-poi220079-7\"><jats:title>Exposures<\/jats:title><jats:p>At wave 1, participants reported the frequency at which they checked Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-poi220079-8\"><jats:title>Main Outcome or Measure<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neural responses to the Social Incentive Delay task when anticipating receiving social feedback, measured annually using fMRI for 3 years. Participants saw a cue that indicated whether the social feedback (adolescent faces with emotional expressions) would be a reward, punishment, or neutral; after a delay, a target appeared and students responded by pressing a button as quickly as possible; a display of social feedback depended on trial type and reaction time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-poi220079-9\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 178 participants recruited at age 12 years, 169 participants (mean [SD] age, 12.89 [0.58] years; range, 11.93-14.52 years; 91 [53.8%] female; 38 [22.5%] Black, 60 [35.5%] Latinx, 50 [29.6%] White, 15 [8.9%] multiracial) met the inclusion criteria. Participants with habitual social media checking behaviors showed lower neural sensitivity to social anticipation at age 12 years compared with those with nonhabitual checking behaviors in the left amygdala, posterior insula (PI), and ventral striatum (VS; \u03b2, \u22120.22; 95% CI, \u22120.33 to \u22120.11), right amygdala (\u03b2, \u22120.19; 95% CI, \u22120.30 to \u22120.08), right anterior insula (AI; \u03b2, \u22120.23; 95% CI, \u22120.37 to \u22120.09), and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; \u03b2, \u22120.29; 95% CI, \u22120.44 to \u22120.14). Among those with habitual checking behaviors, there were longitudinal increases in the left amygdala\/PI\/VS (\u03b2, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.18), right amygdala (\u03b2, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.16), right AI (\u03b2, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.20), and left DLPFC (\u03b2, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.25) during social anticipation, whereas among those with nonhabitual checking behaviors, longitudinal decreases were seen in the left amygdala\/PI\/VS (\u03b2, \u22120.12; 95% CI, \u22120.19 to \u22120.06), right amygdala (\u03b2, \u22120.10; 95% CI, \u22120.17 to \u22120.03), right AI (\u03b2, \u22120.13; 95% CI, \u22120.22 to \u22120.04), and left DLPFC (\u03b2, \u22120.10, 95% CI, \u22120.22 to \u22120.03).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-poi220079-10\"><jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of this cohort study suggest that social media checking behaviors in early adolescence may be associated with changes in the brain\u2019s sensitivity to social rewards and punishments. Further research examining long-term associations between social media use, adolescent neural development, and psychological adjustment is needed to understand the effects of a ubiquitous influence on development for today\u2019s adolescents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.4924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T16:06:55Z","timestamp":1672762015000},"page":"160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Association of Habitual Checking Behaviors on Social Media With Longitudinal Functional Brain Development"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"177","author":[{"given":"Maria T.","family":"Maza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara A.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seh-Joo","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica E.","family":"Flannery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen A.","family":"Lindquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell J.","family":"Prinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva H.","family":"Telzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"poi220079r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-018-0261-x","article-title":"Transformation of adolescent peer relations in the social media context: part 1-a theoretical framework and application to dyadic peer relationships.","volume":"21","author":"Nesi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"poi220079r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721413476512","article-title":"Special issue on the teenage brain: sensitivity to social evaluation.","volume":"22","author":"Somerville","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"poi220079r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.v61.3","article-title":"Annual research review: adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions.","volume":"61","author":"Odgers","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"poi220079r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.v61.3","article-title":"Commentary: an updated agenda for the study of digital media use and adolescent development\u2014future directions following Odgers & Jensen (2020).","volume":"61","author":"Prinstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"poi220079r5","article-title":"Adolescent social networking: how do social media operators facilitate habitual use?","volume":"36","author":"Griffiths","year":"2018","journal-title":"Education and Health"},{"key":"poi220079r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/psych.2013.65.issue-1","article-title":"Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing?","volume":"65","author":"Blakemore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"poi220079r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2007.08.003","article-title":"The adolescent brain.","volume":"28","author":"Casey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"poi220079r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2558","article-title":"A unique adolescent response to reward prediction errors.","volume":"13","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"poi220079r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.038","article-title":"Amygdala and nucleus accumbens in responses to receipt and omission of gains in adults and adolescents.","volume":"25","author":"Ernst","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"poi220079r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00326","article-title":"Enhanced striatal sensitivity to aversive reinforcement in adolescents versus adults.","volume":"25","author":"Galv\u00e1n","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"poi220079r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp078","article-title":"What motivates the adolescent? brain regions mediating reward sensitivity across adolescence.","volume":"20","author":"Van Leijenhorst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"2","key":"poi220079r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721413480859","article-title":"The teenage brain: sensitivity to rewards.","volume":"22","author":"Galv\u00e1n","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"poi220079r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2007.08.002","article-title":"A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking.","volume":"28","author":"Steinberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Rev"},{"key":"poi220079r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00141","article-title":"Hypernatural monitoring: a social rehearsal account of smartphone addiction.","volume":"9","author":"Veissi\u00e8re","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"poi220079r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106808","article-title":"A reward and incentive-sensitization perspective on compulsive use of social networking sites\u2014wanting but not liking predicts checking frequency and problematic use behavior.","volume":"116","author":"Ihssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"poi220079r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00439","article-title":"Neural sensitivity to social reward and punishment anticipation in social anxiety disorder.","volume":"8","author":"Cremers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"poi220079r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsn051","article-title":"Anticipation of monetary and social reward differently activates mesolimbic brain structures in men and women.","volume":"4","author":"Spreckelmeyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"poi220079r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.01.047","article-title":"Linear mixed-effects modeling approach to FMRI group analysis.","volume":"73","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"poi220079r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2011.607721","article-title":"Missing data imputation versus full information maximum likelihood with second-level dependencies.","volume":"18","author":"Larsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"key":"poi220079r23"},{"issue":"25","key":"poi220079r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6885","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1062-06.2006","article-title":"Earlier development of the accumbens relative to orbitofrontal cortex might underlie risk-taking behavior in adolescents.","volume":"26","author":"Galvan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"poi220079r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1080\/17470910903526155","article-title":"Do you like me? neural correlates of social evaluation and developmental trajectories.","volume":"5","author":"Gunther Moor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"poi220079r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.02.038","article-title":"Adolescent risky decision-making: neurocognitive development of reward and control regions.","volume":"51","author":"Van Leijenhorst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"5","key":"poi220079r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.251","article-title":"Social feedback processing from early to late adolescence: influence of sex, age, and attachment style.","volume":"4","author":"Vrticka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"46","key":"poi220079r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18109","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1741-13.2013","article-title":"Longitudinal growth curves of brain function underlying inhibitory control through adolescence.","volume":"33","author":"Ordaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"poi220079r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.11.022","article-title":"Dopamine in motivational control: rewarding, aversive, and alerting.","volume":"68","author":"Bromberg-Martin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"8","key":"poi220079r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4862-03.2004","article-title":"Incentive-elicited brain activation in adolescents: similarities and differences from young adults.","volume":"24","author":"Bjork","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"poi220079r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45758-0_240","article-title":"Neural systems underlying reward and approach behaviors in childhood and adolescence.","volume":"16","author":"Galv\u00e1n","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"poi220079r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.6.1041","article-title":"Developmental neurocircuitry of motivation in adolescence: a critical period of addiction vulnerability.","volume":"160","author":"Chambers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"poi220079r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689608900711","article-title":"The D2 dopamine receptor gene as a determinant of reward deficiency syndrome.","volume":"89","author":"Blum","year":"1996","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"issue":"37","key":"poi220079r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15037","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010654108","article-title":"Addiction: beyond dopamine reward circuitry.","volume":"108","author":"Volkow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"poi220079r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(00)00014-2","article-title":"The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations.","volume":"24","author":"Spear","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"poi220079r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011440","article-title":"Adolescents, adults and rewards: comparing motivational neurocircuitry recruitment using fMRI.","volume":"5","author":"Bjork","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"poi220079r6","unstructured":"Rideout V, Fox S. Digital health practices, social media use, and mental well-being among teens and young adults in the U.S. July 1, 2018. Accessed March 20, 2022. https:\/\/digitalcommons.psjhealth.org\/publications\/1093"},{"key":"poi220079r7","unstructured":"Vogels EA. Gelles-Watnick R, Massarat N. Teens, social media and technology 2022. Pew Research Center. August 10, 2022. Accessed August 18, 2022. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2022\/08\/10\/teens-social-media-and-technology-2022\/"},{"key":"poi220079r18","unstructured":"Lenhart? A, Purcell? K, Smith? A, Zickuhr? K. Social media and mobile internet use among teens and young adults: millennials. Pew internet and American Life Project. 2010. Accessed August 18, 2022. https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED525056"}],"container-title":["JAMA Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapediatrics\/articlepdf\/2799812\/jamapediatrics_maza_2023_oi_220079_1675957138.23451.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T16:02:21Z","timestamp":1676304141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapediatrics\/fullarticle\/2799812"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.4924","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-6203","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]}}}