{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:14:12Z","timestamp":1784546052878,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>Limited access to healthy foods, resulting from residence in neighborhoods with low food access, is a public health concern. The contribution of this exposure in early life to child obesity remains uncertain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To examine associations of neighborhood food access during pregnancy or early childhood with child body mass index (BMI) and obesity risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>Data from cohorts participating in the US nationwide Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes consortium between January 1, 1994, and March 31, 2023, were used. Participant inclusion required a geocoded residential address in pregnancy (mean 32.4 gestational weeks) or early childhood (mean 4.3 years) and information on child BMI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposures<\/jats:title>Residence in low-income, low\u2013food access neighborhoods, defined as low-income neighborhoods where the nearest supermarket is more than 0.5 miles for urban areas or more than 10 miles for rural areas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>BMI z<\/jats:italic> score, obesity (age- and sex-specific BMI \u226595th percentile), and severe obesity (age- and sex-specific BMI \u2265120% of the 95th percentile) from age 0 to 15 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Of 28\u202f359 children (55 cohorts; 14\u202f657 [51.7%] male and 13\u202f702 [48.3%] female; 590 [2.2%] American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or Other Pacific Islander; 1430 [5.4%] Asian; 4034 [15.3%] Black; 17\u202f730 [67.2%] White; and 2592 [9.8%] other [unspecified] or more than 1 race; 5754 [20.9%] Hispanic and 21\u202f838 [79.1%] non-Hispanic) with neighborhood food access data, 23.2% resided in low-income, low\u2013food access neighborhoods in pregnancy and 24.4% in early childhood. After adjusting for individual sociodemographic characteristics, residence in low-income, low\u2013food access (vs non\u2013low-income, low\u2013food access) neighborhoods in pregnancy was associated with higher BMI z<\/jats:italic> scores at ages 5 years (\u03b2, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.03-0.11), 10 years (\u03b2, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.06-0.17), and 15 years (\u03b2, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.07-0.24); higher obesity risk at 5 years (risk ratio [RR], 1.37; 95% CI, 1.21-1.55), 10 years (RR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.37-2.12), and 15 years (RR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.53-2.83); and higher severe obesity risk at 5 years (RR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.95-1.53), 10 years (RR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.20-1.99), and 15 years (RR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.32-2.80). Findings were similar for residence in low-income, low\u2013food access neighborhoods in early childhood. These associations were robust to alternative definitions of low income and low food access and additional adjustment for prenatal characteristics associated with child obesity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Residence in low-income, low\u2013food access neighborhoods in early life was associated with higher subsequent child BMI and higher risk of obesity and severe obesity. We encourage future studies to examine whether investments in neighborhood resources to improve food access in early life would prevent child obesity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.3459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T15:07:06Z","timestamp":1726499226000},"page":"1172","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Neighborhood Food Access in Early Life and Trajectories of Child Body Mass Index and Obesity"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Izzuddin M.","family":"Aris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison J.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pi-I D.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huma","family":"Farid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique M.","family":"Hedderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeyi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assiamira","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rana F.","family":"Chehab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily S.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Carnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Carlos A.","family":"Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. 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