{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:40:28Z","timestamp":1787582428928,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Despite its relevance for pediatric blood pressure (BP) screening, the long-term predictive utility and natural progression of pediatric BP classification remain understudied.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate BP tracking from childhood to midadulthood using the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) thresholds and estimate transition probabilities among BP classifications over time considering multiple time points.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n The analyses were performed in 2023 using data gathered from September 1980 to August 2018 within the longitudinal Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Participants had BP examined 9 times over 38 years, from childhood (aged 6-12 years) or adolescence (15-18 years) to young adulthood (21-27 years), late young adulthood (30-37 years), and midadulthood (39-56 years).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposures<\/jats:title>\n BP classifications (normal, elevated, hypertension) were based on AAP guidelines for children and adolescents and the 2017 American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association guidelines for adults.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Outcomes were BP classifications at follow-up visits. Tracking coefficients were calculated using generalized estimated equations. Transition probabilities among BP classifications were estimated using multistate Markov models.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n This study included 2918 participants (mean [SD] baseline age, 10.7 [5.0] years; 1553 female [53.2%]). Over 38 years, the tracking coefficient (odds ratio [OR]) for maintaining elevated BP\/hypertension was 2.16 (95% CI, 1.95-2.39). Males had a higher probability than females of progressing to and maintaining hypertension and a lower probability of reverting to normal BP from childhood to midadulthood (transition probability: from normal BP to stage 2 hypertension, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.17-0.22 vs 0.08; 95% CI, 0.07-0.10; maintaining stage 2 BP, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.27-0.39 vs 0.14; 95% CI, 0.09-0.21; from stage 2 hypertension to normal BP, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.19-0.26 vs 0.58; 95% CI, 0.52-0.62. For both sexes, the probability of transitioning from adolescent hypertension to normal BP in midadulthood was lower (transition probability, ranging from 0.16; 95% CI, 0.14-0.19 to 0.44; 95% CI, 0.39-0.48) compared with childhood hypertension (transition probability, ranging from 0.23; 95% CI, 0.19-0.26 to 0.63; 95% CI, 0.61-0.66). The probability of maintaining normal BP sharply decreased in the first 5 to 10 years, stabilizing thereafter. Children with normal BP generally maintained this status into adolescence (male: transition probability, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.60-0.67; female: transition probability, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.79-0.84) but decreased by young adulthood (male: transition probability, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.39-0.44; female: transition probability, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.67-0.71).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n Results of this cohort study reveal an enduring association of childhood and adolescent BP (AAP thresholds) with later BP. Although childhood normal BP tends to be maintained into adolescence, the probability of reverting to and sustaining normal BP decreases notably from adolescence to young adulthood. The findings of this study underscore the importance of prevention to maintain normal BP starting in childhood, suggesting adolescence as a potential critical period. The results suggest the potential for less frequent screenings for children with initially normal BP.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.4368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T11:01:10Z","timestamp":1730718070000},"page":"34","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Tracking and Transition Probability of Blood Pressure From Childhood to Midadulthood"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"179","author":[{"given":"Yaxing","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Sharman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiia","family":"Iiskala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feitong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Juonala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Pahkala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Paavo Nurmi Centre, Unit of Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suvi P.","family":"Rovio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooklyn J.","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia"},{"name":"Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca K.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Hutri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tampere Centre for Skills Training and Simulation, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"K\u00e4h\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomi","family":"Laitinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Jula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorma S.A.","family":"Viikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olli T.","family":"Raitakari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costan G.","family":"Magnussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"poi240074r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0244-2","article-title":"The global epidemiology of hypertension.","volume":"16","author":"Mills","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"10304","key":"poi240074r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01330-1","article-title":"Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants.","volume":"398","author":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"20","key":"poi240074r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109191","article-title":"Childhood cardiovascular risk factors and adult cardiovascular events.","volume":"386","author":"Jacobs","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"poi240074r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14168","article-title":"Elevated blood pressure in childhood or adolescence and cardiovascular outcomes in adulthood: a systematic review.","volume":"75","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"12","key":"poi240074r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.01.026","article-title":"Optimal prevention of cardiovascular diseases: The earlier the better.","volume":"81","author":"Ventura","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"poi240074r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00647-9","article-title":"Prevention of atherosclerosis from childhood.","volume":"19","author":"Raitakari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"poi240074r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.20122","article-title":"Screening for high blood pressure in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.","volume":"324","author":"Krist","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"poi240074r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2020.02.086","article-title":"Hypertension Canada\u2019s 2020 comprehensive guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, risk assessment, and treatment of hypertension in adults and children.","volume":"36","author":"Rabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"poi240074r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1904","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents.","volume":"140","author":"Flynn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"poi240074r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001039","article-title":"2016 European Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents.","volume":"34","author":"Lurbe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"8","key":"poi240074r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3182285a81","article-title":"Value of primordial and primary prevention for cardiovascular disease: a policy statement from the American Heart Association.","volume":"124","author":"Weintraub","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"poi240074r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000061521.15730.6E","article-title":"American Heart Association guidelines for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease beginning in childhood.","volume":"107","author":"Kavey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"poi240074r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.12334","article-title":"Relation of blood pressure in childhood to self-reported hypertension in adulthood.","volume":"73","author":"Urbina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"6","key":"poi240074r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.12469","article-title":"2017 pediatric hypertension guidelines improve prediction of adult cardiovascular outcomes.","volume":"73","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"4","key":"poi240074r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08782","article-title":"Can pediatric hypertension criteria be simplified: a prediction analysis of subclinical cardiovascular outcomes from the Bogalusa Heart Study.","volume":"69","author":"Xi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"6","key":"poi240074r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.07.055","article-title":"Factors affecting tracking of blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study.","volume":"167","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"poi240074r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.085977","article-title":"Childhood physical, environmental, and genetic predictors of adult hypertension: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study.","volume":"126","author":"Juhola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"poi240074r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.03.021","article-title":"Tracking of serum lipid levels, blood pressure, and body mass index from childhood to adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.","volume":"159","author":"Juhola","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"poi240074r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01544.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis of blood pressure tracking from childhood to adulthood and implications for the design of intervention trials.","volume":"99","author":"Toschke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"25","key":"poi240074r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.730366","article-title":"Tracking of blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.","volume":"117","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"poi240074r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2543","article-title":"Systolic blood pressure in childhood predicts hypertension and metabolic syndrome later in life.","volume":"119","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"poi240074r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PSY.0000126821.33005.6b","article-title":"Contribution of early and adult factors to socioeconomic variation in blood pressure: 34-year follow-up study of school children.","volume":"66","author":"Kivim\u00e4ki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"poi240074r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1000836","article-title":"Tracking and factors predicting rising in \u201ctracking quartile\u201d in blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: Odense Schoolchild Study.","volume":"13","author":"Lambrechtsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"issue":"1","key":"poi240074r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)38478-4","article-title":"Childhood predictors for high adult blood pressure: the Muscatine Study.","volume":"40","author":"Lauer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"poi240074r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.77.6.862","article-title":"Value of childhood blood pressure measurements and family history in predicting future blood pressure status: results from 8 years of follow-up in the Bogalusa Heart Study.","volume":"77","author":"Shear","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"poi240074r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-059805","article-title":"Multistate Markov model application for blood pressure transition among the Chinese elderly population: a quantitative longitudinal study.","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"poi240074r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.571110","article-title":"Measuring hypertension progression with transition probabilities: estimates from the WHO SAGE longitudinal study.","volume":"9","author":"Boateng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"poi240074r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001722","article-title":"Prediction of transfer among multiple states of blood pressure based on Markov model: an 18-year cohort study.","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"6","key":"poi240074r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym225","article-title":"Cohort profile: the cardiovascular risk in Young Finns Study.","volume":"37","author":"Raitakari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"poi240074r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000065","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines.","volume":"71","author":"Whelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"3","key":"poi240074r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007373705865","article-title":"A new approach to tracking of subjects at risk for hypercholesteremia over a period of 15 years: the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study.","volume":"13","author":"Twisk","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"poi240074r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009048","article-title":"Tracking of risk factors for coronary heart disease over a 14-year period: a comparison between lifestyle and biologic risk factors with data from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study.","volume":"145","author":"Twisk","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"13","key":"poi240074r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518806103","article-title":"Estimation of annual probabilities of changing disability levels in Australians with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.","volume":"25","author":"Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"poi240074r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.112821","article-title":"Annual transition probabilities of overweight and obesity in older adults: evidence from World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health.","volume":"247","author":"Lartey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"poi240074r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12988","article-title":"Longitudinal physical activity trajectories from childhood to adulthood and their determinants: the Young Finns Study.","volume":"28","author":"Rovio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"8","key":"poi240074r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e365","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30111-7","article-title":"Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage, risk factors, and diabetes from childhood to middle age in the Young Finns Study: a cohort study.","volume":"3","author":"Kivim\u00e4ki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"16","key":"poi240074r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.073585","article-title":"Ideal cardiovascular health in childhood and cardiometabolic outcomes in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.","volume":"125","author":"Laitinen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"16","key":"poi240074r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4987","article-title":"Screening for hypertension in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement.","volume":"325","author":"Krist","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"poi240074r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpab009","article-title":"Blood pressure trajectories across the life course.","volume":"34","author":"Allen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"issue":"21","key":"poi240074r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000761","article-title":"Ideal cardiovascular health in adolescence: effect of lifestyle intervention and association with vascular intima-media thickness and elasticity (the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project for Children [STRIP] study).","volume":"127","author":"Pahkala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"poi240074r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.3184","article-title":"Does this child with high blood pressure have secondary hypertension: the rational clinical examination systematic review.","volume":"329","author":"Nugent","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"poi240074r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001614","article-title":"Combined effects of child and adult elevated blood pressure on subclinical atherosclerosis: the International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort Consortium.","volume":"128","author":"Juhola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"18","key":"poi240074r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.11119","article-title":"Screening for hypertension in children and adolescents: Updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.","volume":"324","author":"Gartlehner","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"poi240074r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.0652","article-title":"Heterogeneity in Blood pressure transitions over the life course: Age-Specific emergence of racial\/ethnic and sex disparities in the US.","volume":"2","author":"Hardy","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"poi240074r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.37.5.1199","article-title":"Gender differences in the regulation of blood pressure.","volume":"37","author":"Reckelhoff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"23","key":"poi240074r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199906103402306","article-title":"The protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system.","volume":"340","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"poi240074r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00422","article-title":"Proximal tubule angiotensin AT2 receptors mediate an anti-inflammatory response via interleukin-10: role in renoprotection in obese rats.","volume":"61","author":"Dhande","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"25","key":"poi240074r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.10.031","article-title":"Children present a window of opportunity for promoting health: JACC review topic of the week.","volume":"72","author":"Fernandez-Jimenez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"poi240074r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.11.175","article-title":"Incidence of high blood pressure in children\u2014effects of physical activity and sedentary behaviors: the IDEFICS study: high blood pressure, lifestyle and children.","volume":"180","author":"de Moraes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"poi240074r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-022-01230-4","article-title":"Hypertension across a woman\u2019s life cycle.","volume":"24","author":"Ghazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"poi240074r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys004","article-title":"Cohort Profile: the International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (I3C) Consortium.","volume":"42","author":"Dwyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"poi240074r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.845065","article-title":"Conventional cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in predicting carotid intima-media thickness progression in young adults: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study.","volume":"120","author":"Koskinen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"poi240074r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1985.tb10084.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the measurement of children\u2019s blood pressure in an epidemiological multicenter study.","volume":"318","author":"Uhari","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl"},{"issue":"5","key":"poi240074r58","first-page":"337","article-title":"Does the Hawksley random zero sphygmomanometer underestimate blood pressure and by how much?","volume":"9","author":"Mackie","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"issue":"11","key":"poi240074r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2017.09.004","article-title":"Assessing the validity of oscillometric device for blood pressure measurement in a large population-based epidemiologic study.","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Hypertens"},{"issue":"5","key":"poi240074r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31816956ac","article-title":"Agreement of blood pressure measurements between random-zero and standard mercury sphygmomanometers.","volume":"336","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"37","key":"poi240074r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001475","article-title":"Quality control and validation of oscillometric blood pressure measurements taken during an epidemiological investigation.","volume":"94","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"6","key":"poi240074r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912","article-title":"Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: a systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries.","volume":"134","author":"Mills","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"poi240074r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/00149831-200602000-00004","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension: the WHO MONICA Project.","volume":"13","author":"Antikainen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil"},{"key":"poi240074r31","unstructured":"Jackson? C. Multistate modeling with R: the msm package. Accessed October 1, 2024. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/msm\/vignettes\/msm-manual.pdf"},{"key":"poi240074r42","unstructured":"The Department of Health of Pennsylvania. Physical examinations. Accessed November 20, 2023. https:\/\/www.health.pa.gov\/topics\/school\/Pages\/Physical-Exams.aspx"},{"key":"poi240074r43","unstructured":"The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Preparing for return to school. Accessed November 20, 2023. https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/info-details\/preparing-for-return-to-school"},{"key":"poi240074r44","unstructured":"Services Australia. Healthy start for school. Accessed November 20, 2023. https:\/\/www.servicesaustralia.gov.au\/healthy-start-for-school-health-check?context=22151"}],"container-title":["JAMA Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapediatrics\/articlepdf\/2825496\/jamapediatrics_meng_2024_oi_240074_1735594365.10396.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T11:05:28Z","timestamp":1736161528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapediatrics\/fullarticle\/2825496"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.4368","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-6203","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}}}