{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:11:11Z","timestamp":1792591871315,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Delay discounting is a behavioral economic index of impulsive preferences for smaller-immediate or larger-delayed rewards that is argued to be a transdiagnostic process across health conditions. Studies suggest some psychiatric disorders are associated with differences in discounting compared with controls, but null findings have also been reported.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To conduct a meta-analysis of the published literature on delay discounting in people with psychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n \n PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched through December 10, 2018. The psychiatric keywords used were based on\n DSM-IV<\/jats:italic>\n or\n DSM-5<\/jats:italic>\n diagnostic categories. Collected data were analyzed from December 10, 2018, through June 1, 2019.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Selection<\/jats:title>\n \n Following a preregistered Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (\n PRISMA<\/jats:ext-link>\n ) protocol, 2 independent raters reviewed titles, abstracts, and full-text articles. English-language articles comparing monetary delay discounting between participants with psychiatric disorders and controls were included.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Extraction and Synthesis<\/jats:title>\n \n Hedges\n g<\/jats:italic>\n effect sizes were computed and random-effects models were used for all analyses. Heterogeneity statistics, one-study-removed analyses, and publication bias indices were also examined.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Categorical comparisons of delay discounting between a psychiatric group and a control group.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The sample included 57 effect sizes from 43 studies across 8 diagnostic categories. Significantly steeper discounting for individuals with a psychiatric disorder compared with controls was observed for major depressive disorder (Hedges\n g<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.37;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.002;\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20097), borderline personality disorder (Hedges\n g<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.60;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001;\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20098), bipolar disorder (Hedges\n g<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.68;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001;\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20094), bulimia nervosa (Hedges\n g<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.41;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.001;\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20094), and binge-eating disorder (Hedges\n g<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.34;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.001;\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20097). In contrast, anorexia nervosa exhibited statistically significantly shallower discounting (Hedges\n g<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u20130.30;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001;\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200910). The schizophrenia category was not statistically significant (Hedges\n g<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.18;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.77;\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200912). Evidence of publication bias at the aggregate level was not statistically significant (Egger test [SE], 1.43 [0.92];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.06).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n Results of this study appear to provide empirical support for delay discounting as a transdiagnostic process across most of the psychiatric disorders examined; the literature search also revealed limited studies in some disorders, notably posttraumatic stress disorder, which is a priority area for research.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.2102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T13:11:26Z","timestamp":1566997886000},"page":"1176","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":390,"title":["Delay Discounting as a Transdiagnostic Process in Psychiatric Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Amlung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St Joseph\u2019s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Marsden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St Joseph\u2019s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Holshausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St Joseph\u2019s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St Joseph\u2019s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herry","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St Joseph\u2019s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lana","family":"Vedelago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St Joseph\u2019s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine R.","family":"Naish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St Joseph\u2019s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek D.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas"},{"name":"Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randi E.","family":"McCabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St Joseph\u2019s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, 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