{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:00:58Z","timestamp":1793833258584,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-yoi210058-4\">\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence of gut microbiota perturbations has accumulated for multiple psychiatric disorders, with microbiota signatures proposed as potential biomarkers. However, no attempts have been made to evaluate the specificity of these across the range of psychiatric conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-yoi210058-5\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To conduct an umbrella and updated meta-analysis of gut microbiota alterations in general adult psychiatric populations and perform a within- and between-diagnostic comparison.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-yoi210058-6\">\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cochrane Library, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase were searched up to February 2, 2021, for systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and original evidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-yoi210058-7\">\n                    <jats:title>Study Selection<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 59 case-control studies evaluating diversity or abundance of gut microbes in adult populations with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, psychosis and schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, or attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-yoi210058-8\">\n                    <jats:title>Data Extraction and Synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between-group comparisons of relative abundance of gut microbes and beta diversity indices were extracted and summarized qualitatively. Random-effects meta-analyses on standardized mean difference (SMD) were performed for alpha diversity indices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-yoi210058-9\">\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alpha and beta diversity and relative abundance of gut microbes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-yoi210058-10\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 34 studies provided data and were included in alpha diversity meta-analyses (n\u2009=\u20091519 patients, n\u2009=\u20091429 control participants). Significant decrease in microbial richness in patients compared with control participants were found (observed species SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22120.26; 95% CI, \u22120.47 to \u22120.06; Chao1 SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22120.5; 95% CI, \u22120.79 to \u22120.21); however, this was consistently decreased only in bipolar disorder when individual diagnoses were examined. There was a small decrease in phylogenetic diversity (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22120.24; 95% CI, \u22120.47 to \u22120.001) and no significant differences in Shannon and Simpson indices. Differences in beta diversity were consistently observed only for major depressive disorder and psychosis and schizophrenia. Regarding relative abundance, little evidence of disorder specificity was found. Instead, a transdiagnostic pattern of microbiota signatures was found. Depleted levels of\n                      <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Coprococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and enriched levels of\n                      <jats:italic>Eggerthella<\/jats:italic>\n                      were consistently shared between major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, psychosis and schizophrenia, and anxiety, suggesting these disorders are characterized by a reduction of anti-inflammatory butyrate-producing bacteria, while pro-inflammatory genera are enriched. The confounding associations of region and medication were also evaluated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-yoi210058-11\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review and meta-analysis found that gut microbiota perturbations were associated with a transdiagnostic pattern with a depletion of certain anti-inflammatory butyrate-producing bacteria and an enrichment of pro-inflammatory bacteria in patients with depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and anxiety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.2573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T11:01:54Z","timestamp":1631703714000},"page":"1343","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":745,"title":["Perturbations in Gut Microbiota Composition in Psychiatric Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Viktoriya L.","family":"Nikolova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan R. 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