{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:47:35Z","timestamp":1787068055528,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n We know little about the transmission of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) across generations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the sources of parent-offspring transmission of OCD and familial cross-generational association with more typical anxiety disorders.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This Swedish population register\u2013based study analyzed data for offspring born in Sweden from 1960 to 1995 from the following 4 family types: intact, not-lived-with biological father, lived-with stepfather, and adoptive. Follow-up occurred on December 31, 2018, and data were analyzed from April 6, 2022, to September 26, 2022.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposures<\/jats:title>\n Three sources of parent-offspring resemblance: genes plus rearing, genes only, and rearing only.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n \n Diagnoses of OCD, all anxiety disorders, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social phobia, and panic disorder were obtained from national inpatient, outpatient, and primary care medical registers. Parent-child resemblance was assessed by tetrachoric correlation (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The offspring population consisted of 2\u202f413\u202f128 individuals; mean (SD) age at follow-up was 40.2 (10.7) years, 1\u202f258\u202f670 individuals (52.2%) were male, and 1\u202f154\u202f458 individuals (47.8%) were female. For each type of parent-child relationship, the best-estimate correlation for OCD for genes plus rearing was 0.19 (95% CI, 0.17 to 0.20); genes only, 0.18 (95% CI, 0.11 to 0.24); and rearing only, 0.04 (95% CI, \u22120.10 to 0.19). From bivariate adoption analyses, the cross-generational genetic correlations between OCD with anxiety disorder diagnostic categories were estimated as follows: for all anxiety disorders, 0.62 (95% CI, 0.46 to 0.77); GAD, 0.87 (95% CI, 0.53 to 1.00); social phobia, 0.70 (95% CI, 0.31 to 1.00); and panic disorder, 0.47 (95% CI, 0.20 to 0.73).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n This Swedish population register\u2013based study found that OCD was transmitted from parents to children largely through a genetic relationship, with rearing playing a minor role. Viewed cross-generationally, OCD and anxiety disorders were moderately genetically correlated, with the genetic correlations strongest between OCD and GAD, intermediate for OCD and social phobia, and weakest between OCD and panic disorder. These genetic correlations were modestly attenuated when diagnostic hierarchies were imposed before analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.4777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T11:25:43Z","timestamp":1675250743000},"page":"314","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Its Cross-Generational Familial Association With Anxiety Disorders in a National Swedish Extended Adoption Study"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Kenneth S.","family":"Kendler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Abrahamsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Ohlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Sundquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malm\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"},{"name":"Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Sundquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malm\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"},{"name":"Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"yoi220095r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13075","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.19r13085","article-title":"Women are at greater risk of OCD than men: a meta-analytic review of OCD prevalence worldwide.","volume":"81","author":"Fawcett","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi220095r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.1.76","article-title":"A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"152","author":"Pauls","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi220095r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.4.358","article-title":"A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"57","author":"Nestadt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"yoi220095r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.3","article-title":"Population-based, multigenerational family clustering study of obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"70","author":"Mataix-Cols","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"yoi220095r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22163","article-title":"Family aggregation and risk factors of obsessive-compulsive disorders in a nationwide three-generation study.","volume":"30","author":"Steinhausen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi220095r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2656","article-title":"Familial clustering of tic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"72","author":"Browne","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi220095r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.8.5.450","article-title":"Twin studies on obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review.","volume":"8","author":"van Grootheest","year":"2005","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet"},{"issue":"13","key":"yoi220095r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721001744","article-title":"Genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"51","author":"Mahjani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"yoi220095r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1568","article-title":"A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders.","volume":"158","author":"Hettema","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi220095r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2010.12.2\/dpauls","article-title":"The genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review.","volume":"12","author":"Pauls","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"yoi220095r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.10.061","article-title":"The classification of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders in the ICD-11.","volume":"190","author":"Stein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"yoi220095r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.03.103","article-title":"Accuracy of diagnostic judgments using ICD-11 vs. ICD-10 diagnostic guidelines for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders.","volume":"273","author":"Kogan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi220095r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711000742","article-title":"Is obsessive-compulsive disorder an anxiety disorder, and what, if any, are spectrum conditions? a family study perspective.","volume":"42","author":"Bienvenu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi220095r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.059485","article-title":"Structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for dimensional representations of DSM-IV anxiety disorders.","volume":"195","author":"Tambs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi220095r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0627-7","article-title":"The influence of base rates on correlations: an evaluation of proposed alternative effect sizes with real-world data.","volume":"48","author":"Babchishin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi220095r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.12","article-title":"A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis.","volume":"1","author":"Borenstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi220095r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3828","article-title":"Sources of parent-offspring resemblance for major depression in a national Swedish extended adoption study.","volume":"75","author":"Kendler","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"yoi220095r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.21111110","article-title":"An extended Swedish adoption study of anxiety disorder and its cross-generational familial relationship with major depression.","volume":"179","author":"Kendler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"yoi220095r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1002\/da.v27:6","article-title":"Should OCD be classified as an anxiety disorder in DSM-V?","volume":"27","author":"Stein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"6","key":"yoi220095r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007520","article-title":"Validity and reliability of chronic tic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder diagnoses in the Swedish National Patient Register.","volume":"5","author":"R\u00fcck","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi220095r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02644-7","article-title":"Validity and reliability of social anxiety disorder diagnoses in the Swedish National Patient Register.","volume":"20","author":"Vilaplana-P\u00e9rez","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi220095r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1381-4","article-title":"Common adult psychiatric disorders in Swedish primary care where most mental health patients are treated.","volume":"17","author":"Sundquist","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"yoi220095r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.7.1091","article-title":"A Norwegian psychiatric epidemiological study.","volume":"158","author":"Kringlen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"yoi220095r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1017\/S0080456800012163","article-title":"On the correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance.","volume":"52","author":"Fisher","year":"1918","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Edinb"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi220095r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2138","article-title":"An extended Swedish national adoption study of alcohol use disorder.","volume":"72","author":"Kendler","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"yoi220095r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.2009.50.issue-9","article-title":"Normative childhood repetitive routines and obsessive compulsive symptomatology in 6-year-old twins.","volume":"50","author":"Bolton","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"yoi220095r11","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"yoi220095r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","edition":"5th ed"},{"key":"yoi220095r18","volume-title":"Introduction to Quantitative Genetics","author":"Falconer","year":"1989","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"yoi220095r21","author":"R Foundation for Statistical Computing","year":"2019"},{"key":"yoi220095r22","author":"SAS Institute","year":"2012"},{"key":"yoi220095r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-8018-2","volume-title":"Methodology for Genetic Studies of Twins and Families","author":"Neale","year":"1992"},{"key":"yoi220095r17","unstructured":"Ekstr\u00f6m? J. The phi-coefficient, the tetrachoric correlation coefficient, and the Pearson-Yule debate. Published October 25, 2011. https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/7qp4604r"}],"container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/articlepdf\/2801118\/jamapsychiatry_kendler_2023_oi_220095_1680639146.19222.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T11:09:09Z","timestamp":1680692949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/fullarticle\/2801118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.4777","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-622X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-622X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]}}}