{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:06:00Z","timestamp":1792368360502,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evidence-based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exist, but all require 8 to 15 sessions and thus are less likely to be completed than brief treatments. Written exposure therapy (WET) is a brief and efficacious treatment that has not been directly compared with prolonged exposure therapy (PE), a more time-intensive, exposure-based treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine whether WET is noninferior to PE in treating PTSD among veterans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A randomized noninferiority clinical trial was conducted between September 9, 2019, and April 30, 2022. Participants were 178 veterans with PTSD presenting to 1 of 3 Veterans Affairs medical centers. Inclusion criteria consisted of a primary diagnosis of PTSD and stable medication. Exclusion criteria included current psychotherapy for PTSD, high suicide risk, active psychosis, unstable bipolar disorder, and severe cognitive impairment. Independent evaluations were conducted at baseline and 10, 20, and 30 weeks after the first treatment session. Data were analyzed from January 1 to March 31, 2023.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants assigned to WET (n\u2009=\u200988) received five to seven 45- to 60-minute sessions. Participants assigned to PE (n\u2009=\u200990) received eight to fifteen 90-minute sessions. The WET sessions included 30 minutes of writing-based imaginal exposure conducted in session, whereas PE sessions included 40 minutes of in-session imaginal exposure and between-session in vivo exposures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary outcome was change in PTSD symptom severity measured with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for <jats:italic>DSM-5<\/jats:italic> (CAPS-5) from baseline to the 20-week assessment; noninferiority was defined as a less than 10-point difference between the 2 treatment groups. Difference in treatment dropout was also examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 178 participants, 134 (75.3%) were men, and the mean (SD) age was 44.97 (13.66) years. In terms of race, 37 participants (20.8%) were Black, 112 (62.9%) were White, 11 (6.2%) were more than 1 race, and 18 (10.1%) were of other race (including American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander [some participants did not specify their race when selecting the category \u201cother\u201d]); in terms of ethnicity, 19 participants (10.7%) were Hispanic. Changes in PTSD symptom severity from baseline to all subsequent assessments among individuals randomized to WET were noninferior relative to individuals randomized to PE. The largest difference between treatments was observed at 10 weeks and was in favor of WET (mean difference, 2.42 [95% CI, 0.35-1.46] points). Participants were significantly less likely to drop out of WET compared with PE (11 [12.5%] vs 32 [35.6%]; \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200912.91; Cramer V\u2009=\u20090.27).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, WET was noninferior to PE in PTSD symptom change and was associated with significantly less attrition. Findings suggest that WET may transcend previously observed barriers to PTSD treatment for both patients and clinicians.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/classic.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03962504\">NCT03962504<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.2810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T11:37:12Z","timestamp":1692790632000},"page":"1093","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Written Exposure Therapy vs Prolonged Exposure Therapy in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Denise M.","family":"Sloan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs (VA) Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Behavioral Science Division, National Center for PTSD, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian P.","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs (VA) Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Behavioral Science Division, National Center for PTSD, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Acierno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faillace Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Sciences Center Houston, Houston"},{"name":"Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, Wisconsin"},{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Muzzy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Litwack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs (VA) Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, 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