{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:08:01Z","timestamp":1786975681905,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Twin studies have found that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors within a generation. No study has used an adoption design, which can address questions about the degree and sources of cross-generational transmission of adverse stress responses (ASRs) and PTSD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To examine whether ASRs or PTSD are transmitted from parents to offspring, and to clarify the relative importance of genes and rearing.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This cohort study used nationwide Swedish registry data from parents and offspring (n\u2009=\u20092\u202f194\u202f171, born 1960-1992) of 6 types of families (intact; had not lived with biological father; had not lived with biological mother; lived with stepfather; lived with stepmother; and adoptive). Follow-up occurred on December 31, 2018, and data were analyzed from March 3, 2023, to January 16, 2024.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposures<\/jats:title>\n Three sources of parent-offspring resemblance: genes plus rearing, genes only, and rearing only.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Diagnoses of ASRs or PTSD were obtained from national inpatient, outpatient, and primary care medical registries. Parent-child resemblance was assessed by tetrachoric correlation. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to control for possible shared traumatic events.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The study population included 2\u202f194\u202f171 individuals of 6 family types (1\u202f146\u202f703 [52.3%] male; median [range] age, 42 [20-63] years). The weighted tetrachoric correlations across family types were 0.15 (95% CI, 0.15-0.16) for genes plus rearing, 0.08 (95% CI, 0.06-0.11) for genes only, and 0.10 (95% CI, 0.07-0.12) for rearing only. Controlling for potential shared traumatic events, sensitivity analyses found that the correlation for rearing decreased, with the most conservative control (exclusion of parent-offspring dyads with onset of ASRs or PTSD within 1 year) suggesting equal correlations with genes and rearing.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n Diagnosis of ASRs or PTSD demonstrated cross-generational transmission, including both genetic and rearing correlations. Sensitivity analyses suggested that shared traumatic events partially accounted for the observed rearing correlations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.1140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T12:01:29Z","timestamp":1717588889000},"page":"817","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Extended Swedish Adoption Study of Adverse Stress Responses and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Ananda B.","family":"Amstadter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Abrahamsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Cusack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Sundquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malm\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"},{"name":"Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Sundquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund 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