{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T21:28:45Z","timestamp":1793050125476,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>Research suggests an increase in mental disorder incidence in recent years, but this trend remains unexplained, and there is a lack of large studies based on a representative sample that investigate mental disorders over the full spectrum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To explore sex- and age-specific incidence of any mental disorder and 19 specific disorders according to birth cohort and calendar period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This was a population-based cohort study among 5\u202f936\u202f202 individuals aged 1 to 80 years living in Denmark at some point between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2021. Data were derived from the Danish Civil Registration System and analyzed from February to August 2024.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposures<\/jats:title>Birth cohort (8 categories from 1924 to 2011) and calendar period (six 3-year categories from 2004 to 2021).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>Incidence rates of mental disorders from 2004 to 2021 by sex and age, according to birth cohort and calendar period, including the first years of the COVID-19 pandemic, using Danish health register data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>The population comprised 2\u202f933\u202f857 female individuals and 3\u202f002\u202f345 male individuals, who were followed up for 83.8 million person-years, with median ages at start and end of follow-up of 30.2 and 46.2 years, respectively. There was an overall mental disorder incidence rate of 55.27 every 10\u202f000 person-years. For diagnoses of any mental disorder, higher incidence rates were observed for more recent birth cohorts and calendar periods in the younger ages. Over older ages, incidence rates did not vary so greatly. An increase was observed in rates of most types of mental disorders, especially among young people, and decreases for other types (eg, substance use disorders). Prominent sex differences were also observed. For example, for schizophrenia, a large increase was seen in incidence rates for female individuals in more recent birth cohorts at younger ages, but no change for male individuals, leading to a higher peak incidence for female individuals than for male individuals in the most recent periods. For personality disorders, a large increase was observed in incidence for female individuals over time and a slight decrease for male individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>This comprehensive investigation of mental disorders incidence in Denmark indicates sex- and age-specific patterns according to birth cohorts and calendar periods. While trends may partly be explained by increases in incidence, several other factors may contribute, such as diagnostic practices, health sector capacity, and risk factors for mental disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.3723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T16:35:13Z","timestamp":1732725313000},"page":"161","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Mental Health Disorder Trends in Denmark According to Age, Calendar Period, and Birth Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Natalie C.","family":"Momen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoffer","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mette Lise","family":"Lousdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esben","family":"Agerbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Centre for Integrated Register-based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten B.","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Hammel Neurorehabilitation Centre and University Research Clinic, Aarhus University, Hammel, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merete","family":"Nordentoft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oleguer","family":"Plana-Ripoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"yoi240075r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13410","article-title":"Temporal changes in sex- and age-specific incidence profiles of mental disorders\u2014a nationwide study from 1970 to 2016.","volume":"145","author":"Plana-Ripoll","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi240075r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03235-w","article-title":"Temporal trends in annual incidence rates for psychiatric disorders and self-harm among children and adolescents in the UK, 2003-2018.","volume":"21","author":"Cybulski","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi240075r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12877","article-title":"Increase in diagnosis of depressive disorders contributes to the increase in antidepressant use in adolescents.","volume":"137","author":"Skurtveit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"yoi240075r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2021.100206","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and years of life adjusted for disability due to depressive disorders in Mexico: results of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.","volume":"6","author":"Agudelo-Botero","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi240075r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723002349","article-title":"Temporal patterns in the recorded annual incidence of common mental disorders over two decades in the United Kingdom: a primary care cohort study.","volume":"54","author":"Dykxhoorn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi240075r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00395-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.","volume":"9","author":"GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"yoi240075r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13505","article-title":"Time trends in autism diagnosis over 20 years: a UK population-based cohort study.","volume":"63","author":"Russell","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi240075r8","first-page":"467","article-title":"ADHD diagnostic trends: increased recognition or overdiagnosis?","volume":"119","author":"Abdelnour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mo Med"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"yoi240075r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.023","article-title":"The incidence of schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders in Denmark in the period 2000-2012. a register-based study.","volume":"176","author":"K\u00fchl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"yoi240075r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2720-y","article-title":"Mental health outcomes in times of economic recession: a systematic literature review.","volume":"16","author":"Frasquilho","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"yoi240075r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.11.037","article-title":"Trends of depression and anxiety during massive civil unrest and COVID-19 in Hong Kong, 2019-2020.","volume":"145","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"10194","key":"yoi240075r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30934-1","article-title":"New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"394","author":"Charlson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10312","key":"yoi240075r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02143-7","article-title":"Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"398","author":"COVID-19 Mental Disorders Collaborators","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi240075r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.37031","article-title":"Mental health disorders due to disaster exposure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"15","author":"Keya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"10","key":"yoi240075r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu029","article-title":"Age, period, and cohort effects in psychological distress in the United States and Canada.","volume":"179","author":"Keyes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi240075r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01946-1","article-title":"Age, period, and cohort patterns in the epidemiology of suicide attempts among sexual minorities in the United States and Canada: detection of a second peak in middle adulthood.","volume":"56","author":"Salway","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi240075r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000410","article-title":"Age, period, and cohort trends in mood disorder indicators and suicide-related outcomes in a nationally representative dataset, 2005-2017.","volume":"128","author":"Twenge","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi240075r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-022-01044-3","article-title":"Age, period, and cohort trends in perceived mental health treatment need and differences by mental health severity in the United States, 2008-2019.","volume":"59","author":"Askari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi240075r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr193","article-title":"Cohort effects explain the increase in autism diagnosis among children born from 1992 to 2003 in California.","volume":"41","author":"Keyes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi240075r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-022-00732-z","article-title":"Age-period-cohort analysis of depression trends: are depressive symptoms increasing across generations in Germany?","volume":"19","author":"Beller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Ageing"},{"key":"yoi240075r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.831188","article-title":"Temporal trends in the incidence and disability adjusted life years of schizophrenia in China over 30 years.","volume":"13","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi240075r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01988-5","article-title":"An age-period-cohort analysis for prevalence of common psychiatric disorders in Japan, 1999-2017.","volume":"56","author":"Okui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"yoi240075r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.8.733","article-title":"Decline in the incidence of schizophrenia in Finnish cohorts born from 1954 to 1965.","volume":"56","author":"Suvisaari","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"yoi240075r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.08.034","article-title":"Mental health and the jilted generation: Using age-period-cohort analysis to assess differential trends in young people\u2019s mental health following the Great Recession and austerity in England.","volume":"214","author":"Thomson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi240075r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(89)90038-3","article-title":"Age, period and cohort effects on the risk of major depression: results from five United States communities.","volume":"42","author":"Wickramaratne","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi240075r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720002706","article-title":"Secular trends in the incidence of eating disorders in China from 1990 to 2017: a joinpoint and age-period-cohort analysis.","volume":"52","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi240075r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01161-7","article-title":"Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies.","volume":"27","author":"Solmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi240075r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.16","article-title":"A comprehensive nationwide study of the incidence rate and lifetime risk for treated mental disorders.","volume":"71","author":"Pedersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"yoi240075r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00193-1","article-title":"Age of onset and cumulative risk of mental disorders: a cross-national analysis of population surveys from 29 countries.","volume":"10","author":"McGrath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"yoi240075r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13682","article-title":"A comprehensive analysis of age of onset and cumulative incidence of mental disorders: a Danish register study.","volume":"149","author":"Beck","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi240075r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867413512382","article-title":"Comparing profiles of mental disorder across birth cohorts: results from the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing.","volume":"48","author":"Sunderland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi240075r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-022-09985-7","article-title":"The birth cohorts difference in depression.","volume":"16","author":"Yoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Indic Res"},{"issue":"17","key":"yoi240075r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.11328","article-title":"Cumulative incidence of autism into adulthood for birth cohorts in Denmark, 1980-2012.","volume":"320","author":"Schendel","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"yoi240075r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu213","article-title":"Cohort effects explain the increase in autism diagnosis: an identifiability problem of the age-period-cohort model.","volume":"43","author":"Hansen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"yoi240075r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-074224","article-title":"Comparison of mental health symptoms before and during the covid-19 pandemic: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis of 134 cohorts.","volume":"380","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"yoi240075r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810387965","article-title":"The Danish civil registration system.","volume":"39","author":"Pedersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"yoi240075r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810395825","article-title":"The Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register.","volume":"39","author":"Mors","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi240075r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2021.1952304","article-title":"Incidence rates and employment trends in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, bipolar affective disorders and recurrent depression in the years 2000-2013: a Danish nationwide register-based study.","volume":"76","author":"Christensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"yoi240075r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(99)80700-7","article-title":"A comparison of ICD-8 and ICD-10 diagnoses of affective disorder\u2014a case register study from Denmark.","volume":"13","author":"Kessing","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"yoi240075r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2012.0111","article-title":"Five-fold increase in national prevalence rates of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder medications for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, and other psychiatric disorders: a Danish register-based study.","volume":"23","author":"Dalsgaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi240075r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104521994192","article-title":"Help-seeking pathways prior to referral to outpatient child and adolescent mental health services.","volume":"26","author":"Hansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"15","key":"yoi240075r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7322","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723000880","article-title":"Association between cannabis use disorder and schizophrenia stronger in young males than in females.","volume":"53","author":"Hjorth\u00f8j","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"yoi240075r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12120","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912120","article-title":"Impact of social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, substance use, and homelessness: qualitative interviews with behavioral health providers.","volume":"19","author":"Jeffers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"yoi240075r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-023-01907-3","article-title":"Forced social isolation and lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic: depression, anxiety, trauma-distress and coping mechanisms of a Greek sample.","author":"Liozidou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Z Gesundh Wiss"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi240075r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15129-5","article-title":"Stress\/depression across the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark.","volume":"23","author":"Cardona","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi240075r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948241228907","article-title":"The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on mental health in Danish school children in 5th to 7th grade.","volume":"52","author":"Andreasen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"yoi240075r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S179083","article-title":"The Danish health care system and epidemiological research: from health care contacts to database records.","volume":"11","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"yoi240075r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198841326.001.0001","volume-title":"Parametrization and prediction of rates. Epidemiology with R","author":"Carstensen","year":"2020"},{"key":"yoi240075r42","unstructured":"Sundhedsstyrelsen. Udrednings og behandlingsretten (The right to evaluation and treatment). Accessed May 2, 2023. https:\/\/www.sst.dk\/da\/Borger\/Patientrettigheder\/Udredningsret-og-behandlingsret"},{"key":"yoi240075r43","unstructured":"headpsace. Accessed May 1, 2024. https:\/\/headspace.dk\/"},{"key":"yoi240075r44","unstructured":"EN AF OS. Sundhedsstyrelsen. Accessed May 1, 2024. https:\/\/www.sst.dk\/da\/en-af-os"},{"key":"yoi240075r46","unstructured":"Indenrigs- og Sundhedsministeriet. Sundhedsstrukturkommissionens baggrundsrapport. 2024. https:\/\/www.ism.dk\/Media\/638536236116325595\/Baggrundsrapport%20-%20Sundhedsstrukturkommissionen.pdf"}],"container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/articlepdf\/2826278\/jamapsychiatry_momen_2024_oi_240075_1738174974.39481.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T16:01:30Z","timestamp":1738771290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/fullarticle\/2826278"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.3723","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-622X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-622X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}}}