{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T02:36:44Z","timestamp":1789180604662,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>In the Netherlands, a growing group of young people request medical assistance in dying based on psychiatric suffering (MAID-PS). Little is known about this group, their characteristics, and outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To assess the proportion of requests for and deaths by MAID-PS among young patients, outcomes of their application and assessment procedures, and characteristics of those patients who died by either MAID or suicide.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This retrospective cohort study included Dutch individuals younger than 24 years requesting MAID-PS between January 1, 2012, and June 30, 2021, whose patient file had been closed by December 1, 2022, at the Expertisecentrum Euthanasie, a specialized health care facility providing MAID consultation and care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>Outcomes of the MAID-PS assessment procedure (discontinued, rejected, or MAID-PS) and clinical characteristics of patients who died by MAID or suicide.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>The study included 397 processed applications submitted by 353 individuals (73.4% female; mean [SD] age, 20.84 [1.90] years). Between 2012 and the first half of 2021, the number of MAID-PS applications by young patients increased from 10 to 39. The most likely outcome was application retracted by the patient (188 [47.3%]) followed by application rejected (178 [44.8%]). For 12 applications (3.0%), patients died by MAID. Seventeen applications (4.3%) were stopped because the patient died by suicide during the application process and 2 (0.5%) because the patient died after they voluntarily stopped eating and drinking. All patients who died by suicide or MAID (n\u2009=\u200929) had multiple psychiatric diagnoses (most frequently major depression, autism spectrum disorder, personality disorders, eating disorder, and\/or trauma-related disorder) and extensive treatment histories. Twenty-eight of these patients (96.5%) had a history of suicidality that included multiple suicide attempts prior to the MAID application. Among 17 patients who died by suicide, 13 of 14 (92.9%) had a history of crisis-related hospital admission, and 9 of 12 patients who died by MAID (75.0%) had a history of self-harm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>This cohort study found that the number of young psychiatric patients in the Netherlands who requested MAID-PS increased between 2012 and 2021 and that applications were retracted or rejected for most. Those who died by MAID or suicide were mostly female and had long treatment histories and prominent suicidality. These findings suggest that there is an urgent need for more knowledge about persistent death wishes and effective suicide prevention strategies for this high-risk group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.4006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T16:00:37Z","timestamp":1735833637000},"page":"246","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Requests for Medical Assistance in Dying by Young Dutch People With Psychiatric Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Lizanne J.S.","family":"Schweren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"113 Suicide Prevention, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanne P.A.","family":"Rasing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Youth Depression, GGZ Oost Brabant, Boekel, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Kammeraat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expertisecentrum Euthanasie, The Hague, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah A.","family":"Middelkoop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"113 Suicide Prevention, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruthie","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"113 Suicide Prevention, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saskia Y.M.","family":"M\u00e9relle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"113 Suicide Prevention, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian M.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daan H.M.","family":"Creemers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Youth Depression, GGZ Oost Brabant, Boekel, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sisco M.P.","family":"van Veen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"113 Suicide Prevention, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"yoi240080r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjment-2023-300729","article-title":"Patients requesting and receiving euthanasia for psychiatric disorders in the Netherlands.","volume":"26","author":"Kammeraat","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Ment 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Netherlands in 2017: Feasibility, main outcomes, and recommendations.","volume":"15","author":"M\u00e9relle","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi240080r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30085-1","article-title":"Multidimensional variability in ecological assessments predicts two clusters of suicidal patients.","volume":"13","author":"Bonilla-Escribano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi240080r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s11013-020-09686-2","article-title":"Do doctors differentiate between suicide and physician-assisted death? a qualitative study into the views of psychiatrists and general practitioners.","volume":"45","author":"Pronk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cult Med Psychiatry"},{"key":"yoi240080r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.10.005","article-title":"Decision-making in suicidal 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