{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:08:35Z","timestamp":1793304515501,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a major challenge in mental health, affecting a significant number of patients and leading to considerable burdens. The etiological factors contributing to TRD are complex and not fully understood.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the genetic factors associated with TRD using polygenic scores (PGS) across various traits and explore their potential role in the etiology of TRD using large-scale genomic data from the All of Us (AoU) Research Program.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This study was a cohort design with observational data from participants in the AoU Research Program who have both electronic health records and genomic data. Data analysis was performed from March 27 to October 24, 2024.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposures<\/jats:title>\n PGS for 61 unique traits from 7 domains.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Logistic regressions to test if PGS was associated with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) compared with treatment-responsive major depressive disorder (trMDD). Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine if the progressions from MDD to TRD were associated with PGS.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 292\u202f663 participants (median [IQR] age, 57 (41-69) years; 175\u202f981 female [60.1%]) from the AoU Research Program were included in this analysis. In the discovery set (124\u202f945 participants), 11 of the selected PGS were found to have stronger associations with TRD than with trMDD, encompassing PGS from domains in education, cognition, personality, sleep, and temperament. Genetic predisposition for insomnia (odds ratio [OR], 1.11; 95% CI, 1.07-1.15) and specific neuroticism (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.07-1.16) traits were associated with increased TRD risk, whereas higher education (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.85-0.91) and intelligence (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.88-0.94) scores were protective. The associations held across different TRD definitions (meta-analytic\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n &amp;gt;83%) and were consistent across 2 other independent sets within AoU (the whole-genome sequencing Diversity dataset, 104\u202f388, and Microarray dataset, 63\u202f330). Among 28\u202f964 individuals followed up over time, 3854 developed TRD within a mean of 944 days (95% CI, 883-992 days). All 11 previously identified and replicated PGS were found to be modulating the conversion rate from MDD to TRD.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n Results of this cohort study suggest that genetic predisposition related to neuroticism, cognitive function, and sleep patterns had a significant association with the development of TRD. These findings underscore the importance of considering psychosocial factors in managing and treating TRD. Future research should focus on integrating genetic data with clinical outcomes to enhance understanding of pathways leading to treatment resistance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.4825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T11:33:03Z","timestamp":1740569583000},"page":"505","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Genetic Correlates of Treatment-Resistant Depression"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Bohan","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Neuroscience and Genetics Center, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma"},{"name":"Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine L.","family":"Forthman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayus","family":"Kuplicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Ahern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Neuroscience and Genetics Center, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma"},{"name":"Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Loughnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Neuroscience and Genetics Center, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma"},{"name":"Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firas","family":"Naber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Neuroscience and Genetics Center, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma"},{"name":"Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesley K.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Neuroscience and Genetics Center, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma"},{"name":"Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma"},{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, the Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles B.","family":"Nemeroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin P.","family":"Paulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun Chieh","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Neuroscience and Genetics Center, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma"},{"name":"Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"1-2","key":"yoi240097r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(98)00004-2","article-title":"Treatment resistant depression: methodological overview and operational criteria.","volume":"9","author":"Souery","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"yoi240097r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2021.1918073","article-title":"Economic burden of treatment-resistant depression among veterans in the US.","volume":"37","author":"Szukis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"9","key":"yoi240097r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275299","article-title":"Healthcare resource utilization in patients with treatment-resistant depression\u2014a Danish national registry study.","volume":"17","author":"Jensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi240097r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2020.1844645","article-title":"Economic burden of treatment-resistant depression in privately insured US patients with co-occurring anxiety disorder and\/or substance use disorder.","volume":"37","author":"Zhdanava","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"yoi240097r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.036","article-title":"Economic impact of treatment-resistant depression: a retrospective observational study.","volume":"295","author":"P\u00e9rez-Sola","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"yoi240097r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.04.016","article-title":"Treatment-resistant depression and suicidality.","volume":"235","author":"Bergfeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"yoi240097r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2022.100426","article-title":"Mortality-causing mechanisms and healthcare resource utilization of treatment-resistant depression: a 6-year population-based cohort study.","volume":"22","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"yoi240097r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-019-0248-0","article-title":"All-cause mortality in patients with treatment-resistant depression: a cohort study in the US population.","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi240097r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.3860","article-title":"Association of treatment-resistant depression with patient outcomes and health care resource utilization in a population-wide study.","volume":"80","author":"Lundberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi240097r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14866","article-title":"Substance use disorders and risk for treatment resistant depression: a population-based, nested case-control study.","volume":"115","author":"Brenner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi240097r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.16m11385","article-title":"Refining prediction in treatment-resistant depression: results of machine learning analyses in the TRD III sample.","volume":"79","author":"Kautzky","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi240097r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.23r14885","article-title":"Predictors and risk factors of treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review.","volume":"85","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi240097r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.180752","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and characteristics of adult depression: meta-analysis.","volume":"210","author":"Nelson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi240097r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11020335","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment predicts unfavorable course of illness and treatment outcome in depression: a meta-analysis.","volume":"169","author":"Nanni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"yoi240097r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2012.91","article-title":"Heartache and heartbreak\u2013the link between depression and cardiovascular disease.","volume":"9","author":"Nemeroff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi240097r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2055","article-title":"Bidirectional association between depression and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies.","volume":"35","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"yoi240097r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.1351","article-title":"Association of symptoms of depression with cardiovascular disease and mortality in low-, middle-, and high-income countries.","volume":"77","author":"Rajan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"yoi240097r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0020-3","article-title":"Using genetic data to strengthen causal inference in observational research.","volume":"19","author":"Pingault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"7","key":"yoi240097r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01062-9","article-title":"Genetic and clinical characteristics of treatment-resistant depression using primary care records in 2 UK cohorts.","volume":"26","author":"Fabbri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi240097r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.256","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of treatment-resistance in depression and meta-analysis of 3 independent samples.","volume":"214","author":"Fabbri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi240097r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0738-5","article-title":"A polygenic predictor of treatment-resistant depression using whole exome sequencing and genome-wide genotyping.","volume":"10","author":"Fabbri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"yoi240097r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01059-6","article-title":"Transcriptome-wide association study of treatment-resistant depression and depression subtypes for drug repurposing.","volume":"46","author":"Fabbri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"yoi240097r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110170","article-title":"Higher polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia may be suggestive of treatment nonresponse in major depressive disorder.","volume":"108","author":"Fanelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"yoi240097r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1809937","article-title":"The \u201cAll of Us\u201d Research Program.","volume":"381","author":"Denny","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"yoi240097r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0353-1","article-title":"Tutorial: a guide to performing polygenic risk score analyses.","volume":"15","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"yoi240097r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3552","article-title":"Genetic variants associated with subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism identified through genome-wide analyses.","volume":"48","author":"Okbay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"7","key":"yoi240097r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.0378","article-title":"Susceptibility to treatment-resistant depression within families.","volume":"81","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"yoi240097r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0147-3","article-title":"Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals.","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"7419","key":"yoi240097r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11401","article-title":"FTO genotype is associated with phenotypic variability of body mass index.","volume":"490","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi240097r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2018.09.009","article-title":"Genome analyses of >200,000 individuals identify 58 loci for chronic inflammation and highlight pathways that link inflammation and complex disorders.","volume":"103","author":"Ligthart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"11","key":"yoi240097r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2797","article-title":"Discovery and refinement of loci associated with lipid levels.","volume":"45","author":"Willer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"7","key":"yoi240097r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004474","article-title":"Genome-wide association identifies common variants at the SERPINA6\/SERPINA1 locus influencing plasma cortisol and corticosteroid binding globulin.","volume":"10","author":"Bolton","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi240097r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy327","article-title":"Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for body fat distribution in 694 649 individuals of European ancestry.","volume":"28","author":"Pulit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi240097r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-015-9735-5","article-title":"Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for extraversion: findings from the Genetics of Personality Consortium.","volume":"46","author":"van den Berg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi240097r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03242-8","article-title":"Item-level analyses reveal genetic heterogeneity in neuroticism.","volume":"9","author":"Nagel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"yoi240097r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0151-7","article-title":"Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for neuroticism in 449?484 individuals identifies novel genetic loci and pathways.","volume":"50","author":"Nagel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"9","key":"yoi240097r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0481-0","article-title":"A global overview of pleiotropy and genetic architecture in complex traits.","volume":"51","author":"Watanabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi240097r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.77","article-title":"Largest GWAS of PTSD (N=20?070) yields genetic overlap with schizophrenia and sex differences in heritability.","volume":"23","author":"Duncan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi240097r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.154","article-title":"Revealing the complex genetic architecture of obsessive-compulsive disorder using meta-analysis.","volume":"23","author":"International Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Foundation Genetics Collaborative (IOCDF-GC) and OCD Collaborative Genetics Association Studies (OCGAS)","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi240097r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03819-3","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of depression phenotypes in UK Biobank identifies variants in excitatory synaptic pathways.","volume":"9","author":"Howard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi240097r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0090-3","article-title":"Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression.","volume":"50","author":"Wray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"7","key":"yoi240097r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.046","article-title":"Genomic dissection of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, including 28 subphenotypes.","volume":"173","author":"Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi240097r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0269-7","article-title":"Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"51","author":"Demontis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi240097r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0309-3","article-title":"Genome-wide association analyses of risk tolerance and risky behaviors in over 1 million individuals identify hundreds of loci and shared genetic influences.","volume":"51","author":"Karlsson Linn\u00e9r","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi240097r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09718-5","article-title":"Polygenic prediction via bayesian regression and continuous shrinkage priors.","volume":"10","author":"Ge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi240097r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016620","article-title":"Tulsa 1000: a naturalistic study protocol for multilevel assessment and outcome prediction in a large psychiatric sample.","volume":"8","author":"Victor","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"yoi240097r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3656","article-title":"Next-generation genotype imputation service and methods.","volume":"48","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"yoi240097r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","article-title":"Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package.","volume":"36","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"7","key":"yoi240097r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20230247","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of treatment-resistant depression: shared biology with metabolic traits.","volume":"181","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi240097r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003348","article-title":"Power and predictive accuracy of polygenic risk scores.","volume":"9","author":"Dudbridge","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi240097r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.03.022","article-title":"Two-year stability and change of neuroticism and extraversion in treated and untreated persons with depression: findings from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA).","volume":"150","author":"Renner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"yoi240097r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.10.034","article-title":"The association of personality polygenic risk score, psychosocial protective factors, and suicide attempt in mood disorder.","volume":"156","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi240097r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32892\/jmri.183","article-title":"Neuroticism polygenic risk score predicts 20-year burden of depressive symptoms for Whites but not Blacks.","volume":"4","author":"Assari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Res Innov"},{"key":"yoi240097r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2021.11.005","article-title":"A meta-analysis of polygenic risk scores for mood disorders, neuroticism, and schizophrenia in antidepressant response.","volume":"55","author":"Fanelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi240097r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41397-019-0067-3","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of antidepressant treatment resistance in a population-based cohort using health service prescription data and meta-analysis with GENDEP.","volume":"20","author":"Wigmore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J"},{"issue":"12","key":"yoi240097r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13422","article-title":"Polygenic risk for depression, anxiety and neuroticism are associated with the severity and rate of change in depressive symptoms across adolescence.","volume":"62","author":"Kwong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi240097r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20220476","article-title":"Polygenic scores and onset of major mood or psychotic disorders among offspring of affected parents.","volume":"180","author":"Zwicker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"yoi240097r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2024.01.009","article-title":"Polygenic risk scores mediating functioning outcomes through cognitive and clinical features in youth at family risk and controls.","volume":"81","author":"Segura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"yoi240097r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(96)00246-2","article-title":"Extraversion, neuroticism, and susceptibility to positive and negative affect: a test of 2 theoretical models.","volume":"22","author":"Rusting","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"yoi240097r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1249839","article-title":"Brooding and neuroticism are strongly interrelated manifestations of the phenome of depression.","volume":"14","author":"Vasupanrajit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi240097r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20020896","article-title":"The emotion regulation mechanism in neurotic individuals: the potential role of mindfulness and cognitive bias.","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"yoi240097r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.09.033","article-title":"Socio-demographic and clinical predictors of treatment resistant depression: a prospective European multicenter study.","volume":"189","author":"Balestri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"yoi240097r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.09.020","article-title":"Risk factors for treatment resistance in unipolar depression: a systematic review.","volume":"171","author":"Bennabi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi240097r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01062-7","article-title":"Within-sibship genome-wide association analyses decrease bias in estimates of direct genetic effects.","volume":"54","author":"Howe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi240097r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01016-z","article-title":"Polygenic prediction of educational attainment within and between families from genome-wide association analyses in 3 million individuals.","volume":"54","author":"Okbay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"8","key":"yoi240097r66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22776","article-title":"Effect of insomnia treatments on depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"35","author":"Gebara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi240097r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0411-y","article-title":"Sleep, insomnia, and depression.","volume":"45","author":"Riemann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"yoi240097r68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2023.110779","article-title":"Long-term benzodiazepine prescription in treatment-resistant depression: a national FACE-TRD prospective study.","volume":"126","author":"Fond","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi240097r69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13400","article-title":"Do sleep changes mediate the anti-depressive and anti-suicidal response of intravenous ketamine in treatment-resistant depression?","volume":"31","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi240097r70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30569-1","article-title":"Gene-environment correlations and causal effects of childhood maltreatment on physical and mental health: a genetically informed approach.","volume":"8","author":"Warrier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"yoi240097r71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.06.007","article-title":"Inflammation and clinical response to treatment in depression: a meta-analysis.","volume":"25","author":"Strawbridge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"}],"container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/articlepdf\/2830400\/jamapsychiatry_xu_2025_oi_240097_1745421104.56805.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T11:45:54Z","timestamp":1746618354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/fullarticle\/2830400"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.4825","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-622X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-622X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}}}