{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T18:46:47Z","timestamp":1788029207852,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Soft drink consumption is linked to negative physical and mental health outcomes, but its association with major depressive disorder (MDD) and the underlying mechanisms remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n To examine the association between soft drink consumption and MDD diagnosis and severity and whether this association is mediated by changes in the gut microbiota, particularly\n Eggerthella<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Hungatella<\/jats:italic>\n abundance.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This multicenter cohort study was conducted in Germany using cross-sectional data from the Marburg-M\u00fcnster Affective Cohort. Patients with MDD and healthy controls (aged 18-65 years) recruited from the general population and primary care between September 2014 and September 2018 were analyzed. Data analyses were conducted between May and December 2024.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n \n Primary analyses included multivariable regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA) models examining the association between soft drink consumption and MDD diagnosis and symptom severity, controlling for site and education, and\n Eggerthella<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Hungatella<\/jats:italic>\n abundance, controlling for site, education, and library size. Mediation analyses tested whether microbiota abundance mediated the soft drink\u2013MDD link.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 405 patients with MDD (275 female patients [67.9%]; mean [SD] age, 36.37 [13.33] years) and 527 healthy controls (345 female controls [65.5%]; mean [SD] age, 35.33 [13.13] years) were included. Soft drink consumption predicted MDD diagnosis (odds ratio [OR], 1.081; 95% CI, 1.008-1.159;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.03) and symptom severity (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001; partial \u03b7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n [\u03b7p\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ], 0.012; 95% CI, 0.004-0.035), with stronger effects in women (diagnosis: OR, 1.167; 95% CI, 1.054-1.292;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.003; severity:\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001; \u03b7p\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n , 0.036; 95% CI, 0.011-0.062). In women, consumption was linked to increased\n Eggerthella<\/jats:italic>\n (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.007; \u03b7p\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n , 0.017; 95% CI, 0.0002-0.068), but not\n Hungatella<\/jats:italic>\n abundance. Mediation analyses confirmed that\n Eggerthella<\/jats:italic>\n significantly mediated the soft drink\u2013MDD association (diagnosis:\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.011; severity:\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.005), explaining 3.82% and 5.00% of the effect, respectively.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n \n In this cohort study, it was found that soft drink consumption may contribute to MDD through gut microbiota alterations, notably involving\n Eggerthella<\/jats:italic>\n . Public health strategies to reduce soft drink intake may help mitigate depression risk, especially among vulnerable populations; in addition, interventions for depression targeting the microbiome composition appear promising.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.2579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T15:31:18Z","timestamp":1758727878000},"page":"1095","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Soft Drink Consumption and Depression Mediated by Gut Microbiome Alterations"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Sharmili","family":"Edwin Thanarajah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt\u2013Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and 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