{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:29:54Z","timestamp":1790011794435,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-ybr250016-4\">\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There has been a national increase in fatal and nonfatal overdoses involving stimulants, and 4.5 million US individuals meet criteria for stimulant use disorder (UD), with the highest prevalence in young adults. However, limited information exists on trends in diagnosed stimulant UD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-ybr250016-5\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate trends in the proportion of adolescent and young adult Medicaid enrollees diagnosed with a stimulant UD from 2001 to 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-ybr250016-6\">\n                    <jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A repeated cross-sectional study (2001-2020) was conducted using administrative health care claims data from Medicaid (public insurance program in US). Publicly insured adolescents (aged 13-17 years) and young adults (aged 18-24 or 25-29 years) from 42 US states were included. Data were analyzed from January 2025 to July 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-ybr250016-7\">\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Stimulant UD was defined as an inpatient or outpatient\n                      <jats:italic>International Classification of Diseases<\/jats:italic>\n                      diagnosis code in the year, with cocaine UD and noncocaine psychostimulant UD evaluated separately. The annual proportion with stimulant UD diagnoses was stratified by age group, sex, race and ethnicity, and presence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis or stimulant prescription in the year. Differences comparing 2001 with 2020 were summarized. Characteristics of those diagnosed with stimulant UD in 2020 were described.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-ybr250016-8\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The sample included 5.7 million (2001) to 16.1 million Medicaid enrollees (2020) per year; in 2020, 54.2% were female, and 7.1 million were adolescents. From 2001 to 2020, the proportion diagnosed with noncocaine psychostimulant UD increased from 0.09% to 0.49% (prevalence ratio [PR],\u20095.47 [95% CI, 5.20-5.75]) in those aged 18 to 24 years, from 0.13% to 1.63% (PR,\u200912.55 [95% CI, 11.83-13.31]) for ages 25 to 29 years, and from 0.10% to 0.91% among young adults aged 18 to 29 years. Among adolescents, the proportion diagnosed with noncocaine psychostimulant UD varied between 0.03% and 0.07%. The proportion diagnosed with cocaine UD was stable in young adults (range, 0.17%-0.34% [18-24 years] and 0.53%-0.79% [25-29 years]) and declined in adolescents (from 0.04% to 0.01%). Cocaine and noncocaine psychostimulant UD diagnoses were 2 to 4 times more common in patients with an ADHD diagnosis or stimulant prescription. Most patients diagnosed with a stimulant UD in 2020 were also diagnosed with a mental health disorder (68%-82%) or other substance UD (72%-78%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-ybr250016-9\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of noncocaine psychostimulant UD diagnoses in young adult Medicaid patients increased over the last 2 decades, potentially associated with an increasing use of prescription and illicit stimulants along with increased clinical detection. These trends raise concerns given recent rises in stimulant-involved overdose fatalities and stress the need for evidence-based stimulant UD treatments for young people.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.2864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T15:00:53Z","timestamp":1760540453000},"page":"196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Stimulant Use Disorder Diagnoses in Adolescent and Young Adult Medicaid Enrollees"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Greta","family":"Bushnell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Rutgers Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, New 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Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Hasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York"},{"name":"Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Iizuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Rutgers Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Rutgers Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hillary","family":"Samples","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Rutgers Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey"},{"name":"Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Olfson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York"},{"name":"Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New 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FDA updating warnings to improve safe use of prescription stimulants used to treat ADHD and other conditions: serious risks with misuse, abuse, addiction, and sharing these drugs. June 13, 2023. 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