{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:55:08Z","timestamp":1789192508969,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Antidepressant treatment remains a trial-and-error process: one-third of people with major depressive disorder (MDD) report inefficacy of first-line medications. Predictors of prescription patterns are needed to improve prescribing precision.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To investigate phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity of MDD subgroups defined by antidepressant prescription patterns.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This was a retrospective cohort study of Australian Genetics of Depression Study (2017-2018) adult participants (aged \u226518 years) with lifetime MDD who filled 1 or more prescriptions of the 10 most commonly used antidepressants across 4.5 years (2013-2017). Data were analyzed from August 2024 to October 2025.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposures<\/jats:title>\n Treatment complexity was assessed as number of different antidepressant classes in prescriptions filled in 4.5 years. Sustained-use 360 groups were defined as 360 or more cumulative days (in 4.5 years) of a single antidepressant. Participants with genome-wide genotypes were contrasted across mutually exclusive sustained-use 360 groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Associations of 44 self-reported phenotypes and polygenic scores (PGSs) for 15 traits with sustained-use 360 subgroups. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) were conducted for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or SSRI\/serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor sustained use contrasted to other participants.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Of 12\u202f074 participants (9041 [75%] female with a mean [SD] age of 41.8 [14.6] years; 3022 [25%] male with a mean [SD] age of 47.7 [14.6] years) with 1 or more prescriptions and lifetime MDD, 8898 had genotyping data. High treatment complexity was significantly associated with 37 of 44 self-reported phenotypes (eg, higher rates of smoking, recurrent MDD, suicidal ideation, chronic pain, and circadian and atypical depression subtypes) and higher PGSs for psychiatric traits (MDD PGS: \u03b2, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.03-0.06;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20091.2\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n \u22128<\/jats:sup>\n ; ADHD PGS: \u03b2, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.02-0.05;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092.1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n \u22125<\/jats:sup>\n ; bipolar disorder PGS: \u03b2, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.01-0.04.\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20091.2\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n \u22124<\/jats:sup>\n ; neuroticism PGS: \u03b2, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01-0.04;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20091.3\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n \u22123<\/jats:sup>\n ). A total of 5453 (61%) met criteria for an exclusive antidepressant sustained-use 360 group. These groups had distinct phenotypic profiles, including associations with body mass index, suicidal ideation, and co-occurring conditions. GWASs identified novel loci, including an immune-related gene\n SLAMF3<\/jats:italic>\n \/\n LY9<\/jats:italic>\n , for which single-nucleotide variant rs4656934 was associated with reduced odds of sustained SSRI use (G allele; odds ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.75-0.87;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20093.5\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n \u22128<\/jats:sup>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n This study found that phenotypic factors were associated with sustained antidepressant use and treatment complexity. PGSs for traits studied were associated with treatment complexity but showed little association with sustained-use 360 groups. These findings support further research to guide treatment selection and to identify patients at risk of difficult-to-treat depression, informing precision psychiatry and early intervention in MDD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.4372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T16:31:13Z","timestamp":1769617873000},"page":"247","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Genetic and Phenotypic Associations With Sustained Antidepressant Use in Major Depressive Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Alicia","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany L.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mental Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob J.","family":"Crouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Albi\u00f1ana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe X.","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Ellen","family":"Lynall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penelope A.","family":"Lind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Psychiatric Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Cipriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Oxford Precision Psychiatry Lab, National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"NIHR Oxford Health Clinical Research Facility, Oxford Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enda M.","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Medland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas G.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Taquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian B.","family":"Hickie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi R.","family":"Wray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"10258","key":"yoi250074r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.","volume":"396","author":"Diseases","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10128","key":"yoi250074r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32802-7","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.","volume":"391","author":"Cipriani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi250074r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867420979353","article-title":"The 2020 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders.","volume":"55","author":"Malhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"yoi250074r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415617657","article-title":"Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders.","volume":"49","author":"Malhi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"yoi250074r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-067606","article-title":"Response to acute monotherapy for major depressive disorder in randomized, placebo controlled trials submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration: individual participant data analysis.","volume":"378","author":"Stone","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"yoi250074r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2009.60.11.1439","article-title":"What did STAR*D teach us? results from a large-scale, practical, clinical trial for patients with depression.","volume":"60","author":"Gaynes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi250074r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032580","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Australian genetics of depression study.","volume":"10","author":"Byrne","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi250074r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2021.07.008","article-title":"Identifying the common genetic basis of antidepressant response.","volume":"2","author":"Pain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"yoi250074r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.171","article-title":"Analysis of 23andMe antidepressant efficacy survey data: implication of circadian rhythm and neuroplasticity in bupropion response.","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"yoi250074r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01062-9","article-title":"Genetic and clinical characteristics of treatment-resistant depression using primary care records in two UK cohorts.","volume":"26","author":"Fabbri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"yoi250074r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2022.2101352","article-title":"Polygenic risk scores for predicting outcomes and treatment response in psychiatry: hope or hype?","volume":"34","author":"Fusar-Poli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi250074r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3433","article-title":"Association of polygenic score for schizophrenia and HLA antigen and inflammation genes with response to lithium in bipolar affective disorder: a genome-wide association study.","volume":"75","author":"Amare","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi250074r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/tpj.2017.44","article-title":"New insights into the pharmacogenomics of antidepressant response from the GENDEP and STAR*D studies: rare variant analysis and high-density imputation.","volume":"18","author":"Fabbri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi250074r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01035-6","article-title":"Genome-wide association studies of antidepressant class response and treatment-resistant depression.","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi250074r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12020237","article-title":"Common genetic variation and antidepressant efficacy in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of three genome-wide pharmacogenetic studies.","volume":"170","author":"Investigators","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi250074r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10040256","article-title":"Impact of drug-gene-interaction, drug-drug-interaction, and drug-drug-gene-interaction on (es)citalopram therapy: the PharmLines Initiative.","volume":"10","author":"Bahar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi250074r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41397-019-0067-3","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of antidepressant treatment resistance in a population-based cohort using health service prescription data and meta-analysis with GENDEP.","volume":"20","author":"Wigmore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J"},{"issue":"9","key":"yoi250074r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.05.002","article-title":"A genome-wide association study of a sustained pattern of antidepressant response.","volume":"47","author":"Hunter","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi250074r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100502","article-title":"Antidepressant switching as a proxy phenotype for drug nonresponse: investigating clinical, demographic, and genetic characteristics.","volume":"5","author":"Lo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci"},{"key":"yoi250074r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.02.023","article-title":"The identification, assessment and management of difficult-to-treat depression: an international consensus statement.","volume":"267","author":"McAllister-Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi250074r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867418808585","article-title":"Difficult-to-treat depression: a clinical and research roadmap for when remission is elusive.","volume":"53","author":"Rush","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi250074r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41397-022-00267-7","article-title":"Impact of CYP2C19 metaboliser status on SSRI response: a retrospective study of 9500 participants of the Australian Genetics of Depression Study.","volume":"22","author":"Campos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J"},{"key":"yoi250074r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-021-00046-8","article-title":"Understanding genetic risk factors for common side effects of antidepressant medications.","volume":"1","author":"Campos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi250074r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-023-00480-z","article-title":"Discontinuation of antidepressant treatment: a retrospective cohort study on more than 20,000 participants.","volume":"22","author":"Garcia-Marin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi250074r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.12.023","article-title":"Evening chronotypes with depression report poorer outcomes of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a survey-based study of self-ratings.","volume":"96","author":"Crouse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi250074r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.10.021","article-title":"The Australian Genetics of Depression Study: new risk loci and dissecting heterogeneity between subtypes.","volume":"92","author":"Mitchell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"yoi250074r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(25)00061-6","article-title":"Recommendations for defining treatment outcomes in major psychiatric disorders using real-world data.","volume":"12","author":"Koch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"yoi250074r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010919","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and acceptability of first-generation and second-generation antidepressants in the acute treatment of major depression: protocol for a network meta-analysis.","volume":"6","author":"Furukawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi250074r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-024-01704-y","article-title":"Leveraging functional genomic annotations and genome coverage to improve polygenic prediction of complex traits within and between ancestries.","volume":"56","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"10","key":"yoi250074r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.1988","article-title":"Polygenic risk scores derived from varying definitions of depression and risk of depression.","volume":"78","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"23-24","key":"yoi250074r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2008.03.024","article-title":"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and raft inhibitors shorten the period of Period1-driven circadian bioluminescence rhythms in rat-1 fibroblasts.","volume":"82","author":"Nomura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"yoi250074r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0689-5","article-title":"Association of polygenic score for major depression with response to lithium in patients with bipolar disorder.","volume":"26","author":"Amare","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"yoi250074r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1159\/000519707","article-title":"Association of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and depression polygenic scores with lithium response: a Consortium for Lithium Genetics study.","volume":"7","author":"Coombes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complex Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi250074r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.02.005","article-title":"Prediction of treatment outcome in bipolar disorder: when can we expect clinical relevance?","volume":"98","author":"Scott","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi250074r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2018.022","article-title":"Neuropathic pain: current definition and review of drug treatment.","volume":"41","author":"Murnion","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust Prescr"},{"key":"yoi250074r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112088","article-title":"A review: mechanisms and molecular pathways of signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 3 (SLAMF3) in immune modulation and therapeutic prospects.","volume":"133","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"31","key":"yoi250074r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abh2169","article-title":"A single-cell type transcriptomics map of human tissues.","volume":"7","author":"Karlsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"6","key":"yoi250074r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2653","article-title":"The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project.","volume":"45","author":"Consortium","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi250074r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01413-6","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity and subtypes of major depression.","volume":"27","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"yoi250074r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-156","article-title":"Data-driven subtypes of major depressive disorder: a systematic review.","volume":"10","author":"van Loo","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"yoi250074r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3016","article-title":"Genetic association of major depression with atypical features and obesity-related immunometabolic dysregulations.","volume":"74","author":"Milaneschi","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi250074r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.05.010","article-title":"Genome-wide association for major depression through age at onset stratification: major depressive disorder working group of the psychiatric genomics consortium.","volume":"81","author":"Power","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"yoi250074r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03057-9","article-title":"Personalized brain circuit scores identify clinically distinct biotypes in depression and anxiety.","volume":"30","author":"Tozzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi250074r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0200-2","article-title":"Comorbid depression in medical diseases.","volume":"6","author":"Gold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi250074r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.4825","article-title":"Genetic correlates of treatment-resistant depression.","volume":"82","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"yoi250074r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.06.003","article-title":"Exploring depression treatment response by using polygenic risk scoring across diverse populations.","volume":"112","author":"Lapinska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"yoi250074r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-017-0140-8","article-title":"Smoking and antidepressants pharmacokinetics: a systematic review.","volume":"16","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi250074r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.1.291","article-title":"Ly9 (CD229)-deficient mice exhibit T cell defects yet do not share several phenotypic characteristics associated with SLAM- and SAP-deficient mice.","volume":"176","author":"Graham","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi250074r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33885-7","article-title":"Genetic variants associated with psychiatric disorders are enriched at epigenetically active sites in lymphoid cells.","volume":"13","author":"Lynall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi250074r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.02.030","article-title":"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as a novel class of immunosuppressants.","volume":"20","author":"Gobin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi250074r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.04.019","article-title":"A genetic profile of refractory individuals with major depressive disorder and their responsiveness to transcranial magnetic stimulation.","volume":"13","author":"Souza-Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi250074r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu229","article-title":"Cohort Profile: LifeLines, a three-generation cohort study and biobank.","volume":"44","author":"Scholtens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi250074r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.196","article-title":"The iPSYCH2012 case-cohort sample: new directions for unravelling genetic and environmental architectures of severe mental disorders.","volume":"23","author":"Pedersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"yoi250074r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437251322399","article-title":"Personalising Antidepressant Treatment for Unipolar Depression Combining Individual Choices, Risks and big Data: the PETRUSHKA tool: personnalisation du traitement antid\u00e9presseur de la d\u00e9pression unipolaire associant choix individuels, risques et m\u00e9gadonn\u00e9es: l\u2019outil PETRUSHKA.","volume":"70","author":"Ostinelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"yoi250074r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koch? E, Jurgenson? T, Einarsson? G, . Genome-wide meta-analyses of non-response to antidepressants identify novel loci and potential drugs.? medRxiv. Jul 15 2024;doi:10.1101\/2024.07.13.24310361","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.07.13.24310361"},{"key":"yoi250074r28","unstructured":"NICE NIfHaCE. Depression in adults: treatment and management. Accessed December 15, 2025. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng222"},{"key":"yoi250074r54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell? BL, Gilroy? D, Wallace? LA, . Cohort profile: Cell-omics Resource of the Australian Genetics of Depression Study (AGDS:Cell-o).? medRxiv. 2025:2025.09.16.25335873. doi:10.1101\/2025.09.16.25335873","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.09.16.25335873"}],"container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/articlepdf\/2844334\/jamapsychiatry_walker_2026_oi_250074_1772546825.53017.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T16:00:21Z","timestamp":1772640021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/fullarticle\/2844334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.4372","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-622X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-622X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}}}