{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:47:21Z","timestamp":1791830841908,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Schizophrenia imposes a substantial burden on individuals and society. Population-specific cost estimates are essential to inform evidence-based policy, allocate resources, and support recovery-focused care that improves outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To estimate national and state-level burden of schizophrenia to inform population-specific care and services in the US in 2024.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This was an observational prevalence-based cost-of-illness model estimating total excess direct medical, direct nonmedical, and indirect costs of schizophrenia by combining inputs from a targeted literature review and an analysis of Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data, adjusted to 2024 US dollars. The setting included independent households, supportive housing, long-term care and skilled nursing facilities, unhoused settings, and prisons and jails. Disease-related costs were estimated for adults living with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposures<\/jats:title>\n Health care, supportive housing, homelessness, social security disability benefits, justice system, employment, productivity, quality of life, mortality, and caregiver impact across settings of care.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Prevalence-based national and state cost of schizophrenia by category or sector.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The societal cost of schizophrenia in 2024 was estimated at $366.8 billion in the US for 3\u202f070\u202f739 adults (1.17%) across all settings (68.4% independent households, 18.6% supportive housing, 5.0% long-term care or skilled nursing facility, 4.7% incarcerated, 3.3% unhoused). Direct costs ($75.0 billion) were attributable to health care ($36.7 billion), supportive housing and homelessness ($35.2 billion), justice system interactions ($11.9 billion), and social security disability benefits ($5.1 billion). Indirect costs ($291.8 billion) resulted from lost wages ($55.4 billion) and reduced quality of life ($41.4 billion) and life expectancy ($47.5 billion). Indirect costs for caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia included unpaid wages for time providing care ($104.6 billion) and impact on caregiver health, productivity, and out-of-pocket costs ($60.5 billion). Per-person costs of schizophrenia were estimated at $119\u202f436 nationally in 2024. State-level per-person costs ranged from $110\u202f975 in Utah to $126\u202f225 in Alaska.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In 2024, the national and state-level costs of schizophrenia in the US estimated from a societal perspective suggest a substantial burden of disease on individuals, families, and society. These findings provide an important framework to guide prevention, care, and management strategies to reduce costs and improve public health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.4383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T16:31:15Z","timestamp":1769617875000},"page":"341","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["National and State Societal Costs of Schizophrenia in the US in 2024"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Holly B.","family":"Krasa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Schizophrenia & Psychosis Action Alliance, Alexandria, Virginia"},{"name":"Blue Persimmon Group, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Baumgardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision AQ, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris 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