{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T15:42:33Z","timestamp":1792078953728,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Substance use disorder (SUD) is commonly found in individuals with schizophrenia, with a high co-occurrence rate of approximately 41.7%. Despite this high prevalence, people with both schizophrenia and SUD are frequently excluded from clinical trials and systematic reviews; this special group is particularly challenging to treat and imposes a significant economic burden on health care systems.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of psychological and psychosocial interventions in patients with schizophrenia and co-occurring SUD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n The Cochrane Schizophrenia Group registry was searched up to January 13, 2025. Data analysis was performed from March to April 2025.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Selection<\/jats:title>\n Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) examining psychological and psychosocial interventions compared with control groups in adults with schizophrenia and concomitant SUD were identified. No restrictions were applied regarding the type of substance used, including alcohol, cannabis, nicotine, and stimulants, such as amphetamines.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Extraction and Synthesis<\/jats:title>\n \n A systematic review and random-effect pairwise meta-analyses were conducted to estimate standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals and were reported following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (\n PRISMA<\/jats:ext-link>\n ) reporting guidelines. Confidence in the estimate was assessed with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n The primary outcomes were overall symptoms and substance use reduction measured by validated scales at posttreatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n A total of 35 RCTs were included (4136 participants), with 29 trials involving 3831 participants contributing to pairwise meta-analyses comparing psychological and psychosocial interventions with control conditions. Among the 3748 participants with reported sex, 951 (25.4%) were female, and mean (range) age was 37.2 (20.6-57.5) years. A very small effect favoring the intervention group was observed in reducing overall symptoms (SMD, \u20130.11; 95% CI, \u20130.27 to 0.05; 13 trials; low confidence in the estimate), mainly driven by nicotine studies. No difference was found between intervention and control groups in reducing all types of substance use (SMD, \u20130.01; 95% CI, \u20130.21 to 0.18; 8 trials; moderate confidence). When considered separately, alcohol, cannabis, amphetamines, and other stimulants showed similar no-effect results, while nicotine use indicated a small effect.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that current psychological and psychosocial interventions provide limited benefit in reducing symptoms and no effect in reducing substance use in individuals with schizophrenia and SUD compared to control conditions, with the exception of nicotine use, highlighting the urgent need to develop more effective treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.4390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T16:30:44Z","timestamp":1770222644000},"page":"353","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Psychological and Psychosocial Interventions for People With Schizophrenia and Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Nurul Husna","family":"Salahuddin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Munich\/Augsburg, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Herlitzius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Sch\u00fctz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spyridon","family":"Siafis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Munich\/Augsburg, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Priller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Munich\/Augsburg, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, and Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"University of Edinburgh and UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Leucht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Munich\/Augsburg, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Bighelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Munich\/Augsburg, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"key":"yoi250076r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.011","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbid substance use in schizophrenia spectrum disorders in community and clinical settings, 1990-2017: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"191","author":"Hunt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"yoi250076r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1300\/J374v03n03_03","article-title":"Epidemiology of comorbid tobacco use and schizophrenia. thinking about risks and protective factors.","volume":"3","author":"de Leon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Dual Diagn"},{"key":"yoi250076r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(98)00161-3","article-title":"Dual diagnosis of substance abuse in schizophrenia: prevalence and impact on outcomes.","volume":"35","author":"Dixon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi250076r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2007.01.008","article-title":"Substance abuse and schizophrenia: pharmacotherapeutic intervention.","volume":"34","author":"Green","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi250076r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.11.1105","article-title":"Efficacy, acceptability and tolerability of antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia and comorbid substance use. a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"29","author":"Krause","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi250076r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2007.01.011","article-title":"A systematic review of psychosocial research on psychosocial interventions for people with co-occurring severe mental and substance use disorders.","volume":"34","author":"Drake","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi250076r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1159\/000355267","article-title":"Treatment for outpatients with comorbid schizophrenia and substance use disorders: a review.","volume":"20","author":"De Witte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"yoi250076r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.005","article-title":"Effectiveness of integrated dual diagnosis treatment (IDDT) in severe mental illness outpatients with a co-occurring substance use disorder.","volume":"95","author":"Kikkert","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"12","key":"yoi250076r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001088.pub4","article-title":"Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse.","volume":"12","author":"Hunt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"yoi250076r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbae073","article-title":"Substance use within trials of psychological interventions for psychosis: sample inclusion, secondary measures, and intervention effectiveness.","volume":"50","author":"Halsall","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"yoi250076r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbae101","article-title":"Psychosocial interventions for individuals with comorbid psychosis and substance use disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized studies.","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"71","key":"yoi250076r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews.","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi250076r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1176\/foc.5.2.foc163","article-title":"Guideline watch (April 2007): practice guideline for the treatment of patients with substance use disorders, 2nd edition.","volume":"5","author":"Connery","year":"2007","journal-title":"Focus"},{"key":"yoi250076r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.116069","article-title":"The role of control groups in non-pharmacological randomised controlled trials of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"339","author":"Sch\u00fctz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"yoi250076r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(24)00136-6","article-title":"Psychological and psychosocial interventions for treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.","volume":"11","author":"Salahuddin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"yoi250076r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials.","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi250076r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117","article-title":"How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial.","volume":"22","author":"Balduzzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid Based Ment Health"},{"issue":"7109","key":"yoi250076r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test.","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"yoi250076r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2000.10473905","article-title":"Nonparametric \u201ctrim and fill\u201d method of accounting for publication bias in meta-analysis.","volume":"95","author":"Duval","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"7650","key":"yoi250076r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations.","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"yoi250076r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.11.1934","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of a smoking cessation intervention among people with a psychotic disorder.","volume":"163","author":"Baker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"yoi250076r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.188.5.439","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioural therapy for substance use disorders in people with psychotic disorders: randomised controlled trial.","volume":"188","author":"Baker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"yoi250076r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1706","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing, cognitive behavior therapy, and family intervention for patients with comorbid schizophrenia and substance use disorders.","volume":"158","author":"Barrowclough","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"yoi250076r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c6325","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c6325","article-title":"Integrated motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioural therapy for people with psychosis and comorbid substance misuse: randomised controlled trial.","volume":"341","author":"Barrowclough","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"13","key":"yoi250076r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714000208","article-title":"A phase-specific psychological therapy for people with problematic cannabis use following a first episode of psychosis: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"44","author":"Barrowclough","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi250076r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1159\/000323466","article-title":"Motivational intervention to reduce cannabis use in young people with psychosis: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"80","author":"Bonsack","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi250076r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00783.x","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of a cannabis-focused intervention for young people with first-episode psychosis.","volume":"114","author":"Edwards","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"7","key":"yoi250076r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712002255","article-title":"Specialized psychosocial treatment plus treatment as usual (TAU) versus TAU for patients with cannabis use disorder and psychosis: the CapOpus randomized trial.","volume":"43","author":"Hjorth\u00f8j","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"yoi250076r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1080\/10398560701439665","article-title":"Stop using stuff: trial of a drug and alcohol intervention for young people with comorbid mental illness and drug and alcohol problems.","volume":"15","author":"Kemp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Australas Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi250076r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/16506070510010684","article-title":"Cognitive behavior therapy for schizophrenia in patients with mild to moderate substance misuse problems.","volume":"34","author":"Naeem","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Ther"},{"issue":"41","key":"yoi250076r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2015.0683","article-title":"Trans-sector integrated treatment in psychosis and addiction.","volume":"112","author":"Gouzoulis-Mayfrank","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi250076r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3182438e92","article-title":"Nonmedication smoking reduction program for inpatients with chronic schizophrenia: a randomized control design study.","volume":"200","author":"Gelkopf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"yoi250076r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.11.017","article-title":"Cognitive enhancement therapy in substance misusing schizophrenia: results of an 18-month feasibility trial.","volume":"161","author":"Eack","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"yoi250076r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3109\/10550499508997421","article-title":"A prospective study of integrated outpatient treatment for substance-abusing schizophrenic patients.","volume":"4","author":"Hellerstein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi250076r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-006-9050-y","article-title":"Treating homeless clients with severe mental illness and substance use disorders: costs and outcomes.","volume":"42","author":"Morse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"key":"yoi250076r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2014.10.011","article-title":"Effects of a brief intervention for substance use on tobacco smoking and family relationship functioning in schizophrenia and related psychoses: a randomised controlled trial.","volume":"51","author":"Tantirangsee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"7","key":"yoi250076r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-011-3331-6","article-title":"[State-dependent motivational interviewing for people with schizophrenia and substance use: results of a randomised controlled trial].","volume":"83","author":"Bechdolf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"issue":"8","key":"yoi250076r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002832","article-title":"Motivational interviewing and interaction skills training for parents to change cannabis use in young adults with recent-onset schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"42","author":"Smeerdijk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi250076r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm165","article-title":"Psychosocial treatment programs for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse.","volume":"34","author":"Cleary","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi250076r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/00131746-200509000-00005","article-title":"Improving the care of individuals with schizophrenia and substance use disorders: consensus recommendations.","volume":"11","author":"Ziedonis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Pract"},{"key":"yoi250076r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1300\/J374v03n03_04","article-title":"Neurobiological links between nicotine addiction and schizophrenia.","volume":"3","author":"George","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Dual Diagn"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi250076r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.046375","article-title":"Effects of cannabis use on outcomes of psychotic disorders: systematic review.","volume":"193","author":"Zammit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"yoi250076r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115318","article-title":"Meta-review on the efficacy of psychological therapies for the treatment of substance use disorders.","volume":"326","author":"Dellazizzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi250076r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20577","article-title":"Psychological interventions to reduce positive symptoms in schizophrenia: systematic review and network meta-analysis.","volume":"17","author":"Bighelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi250076r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-022-01526-1","article-title":"Effects of psychological treatments on functioning in people with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"273","author":"Bighelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi250076r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-024-00529-7","article-title":"Management of schizophrenia and comorbid substance use disorders: expert review and guidance.","volume":"23","author":"Neyra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"yoi250076r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.842329","article-title":"Dropout rates in psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"13","author":"Bouchard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"yoi250076r6","volume-title":"Medical Illness and Schizophrenia","author":"Meyer","year":"2009","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"yoi250076r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"yoi250076r16","volume-title":"International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"yoi250076r17","volume-title":"Substance Use Disorder Treatment for People With Co-Occurring Disorders: Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 42","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)","year":"2020"},{"key":"yoi250076r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"2013"},{"key":"yoi250076r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118484890","volume-title":"Theory of Addiction","author":"West","year":"2013"},{"key":"yoi250076r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salahuddin? NH, Bighelli? I, Priller? J, Leucht? S. Psychological and psychosocial interventions for people with schizophrenia and co-occurring substance use disorders: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. PROSPERO. Accessed May 11, 2025. https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024517885","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.4390"},{"key":"yoi250076r19","unstructured":"Appendix 1: CCDAN topic list: intervention, psychological therapies. Cochrane Library. Accessed May 11, 2025. https:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/cdsr\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD009317\/appendices"},{"key":"yoi250076r23","unstructured":"Posit Team. RStudio: integrated development environment for R. Accessed February 1, 2025. http:\/\/www.posit.co\/"},{"key":"yoi250076r26","unstructured":"Higgins? JPT, Thomas? J, Chandler? J, , eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.2. Cochrane; 2024. Accessed May 11, 2025. http:\/\/www.training.cochrane.org\/handbook"}],"container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/articlepdf\/2844389\/jamapsychiatry_salahuddin_2026_oi_250076_1774053094.816.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T15:01:19Z","timestamp":1775055679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/fullarticle\/2844389"}},"subtitle":["A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.4390","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-622X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-622X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}}}