{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:22:37Z","timestamp":1788362557835,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Infections are associated with postacute psychiatric and neurologic disorders, but whether risks generalize across infections affecting different body systems and how they vary by age remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To map risks of 14 psychiatric and neurologic disorders among patients hospitalized with infections across 10 body systems and 4 age groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This was a retrospective multicohort study using propensity score matching of patients hospitalized between 2014 and 2018, with a 2-year follow-up. Patient data were taken from 62 health care organizations within the TriNetX US Collaborative Network. Included were cohorts of individuals hospitalized with an infection compared with each other, with individuals hospitalized for noninfectious causes, and with the general population. Data were analyzed from May 2024 to March 2026.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposure<\/jats:title>\n Hospitalization with an infection.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Thirteen neurologic or psychiatric disorders (plus a composite category of cognitive deficits) diagnosed between 1 month and 2 years after hospital admission. Measures included the ratio of restricted mean time lost (RMTL), absolute risk difference, and infection specificity per outcome via network meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Among 1\u202f062\u202f722 matched pairs of individuals (mean [SD] age, 48.4 [23.6] years; 547\u202f328 female [51.5%]), infections were associated with a greater risk of most disorders. When compared with hospitalization for other causes, RMTL ratios exceeded 1 in 116 of 140 infection-disorder tests; the highest relative risk was observed for encephalitis (eg, among cardiac infections, median RMTL ratio, 6.54; 95% CI, 3.78-11.31;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092.0 \u00d7 10\n \u221211<\/jats:sup>\n ), and the highest absolute risk difference was for cognitive deficits (eg, among cardiac infections, risk difference, 12.37%; 19.08% [95% CI, 18.51-19.65] vs 6.71% [95% CI, 6.36-7.07]). Similar patterns were observed (though with higher RMTL ratios) when patients hospitalized with infections were compared with the general population. Although children also faced increased risks of psychiatric and neurologic disorders after infections, absolute risk differences were significantly lower than those in adults. In 45 head-to-head comparisons (median [IQR] sample, 30\u202f766 [11\u202f856-104\u202f336]), infectious encephalitides were the leading risk factor for 7 of 14 disorders and among the top 3 for 12 of 14 disorders. Other infectious risk factors were disorder specific.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n Results of this multicohort study suggest that patients hospitalized with infections across all body systems had an associated increase in psychiatric and neurologic diagnoses over the subsequent 2 years, particularly in adults. Infectious encephalitides carried the greatest associated excess risk. Taken together with the existing literature, these findings identify infections as important risk factors for brain health conditions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2026.1904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T15:00:51Z","timestamp":1784127651000},"page":"957","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping 2-Year Psychiatric and Neurologic Risks After Infections Across Body Systems and Age Groups"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Maxime","family":"Taquet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Mezher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Campbell","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Handford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Pollak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo G.","family":"Ostinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orestis","family":"Efthimiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Primary Health Care, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Cipriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"yoi260035r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3428","article-title":"A nationwide study in Denmark of the association between treated infections and the subsequent risk of treated mental disorders in children and adolescents.","volume":"76","author":"K\u00f6hler-Forsberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"yoi260035r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11030516","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases and severe infections as risk factors for schizophrenia: a 30-year population-based register study.","volume":"168","author":"Benros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"yoi260035r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.1111","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases and severe infections as risk factors for mood disorders: a nationwide study.","volume":"70","author":"Benros","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi260035r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07050740","article-title":"Infections in the CNS during childhood and the risk of subsequent psychotic illness: a cohort study of more than 1 million Swedish subjects.","volume":"165","author":"Dalman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"yoi260035r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.072","article-title":"Infections of the central nervous system as a risk factor for mental disorders and cognitive impairment: a nationwide register-based study.","volume":"88","author":"Pedersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"11","key":"yoi260035r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00144-4","article-title":"Hospital-treated infectious diseases and the risk of dementia: a large, multicohort, observational study with a replication cohort.","volume":"21","author":"Sipil\u00e4","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"25","key":"yoi260035r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041747","article-title":"Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke after acute infection or vaccination.","volume":"351","author":"Smeeth","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6578","key":"yoi260035r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8222","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis.","volume":"375","author":"Bjornevik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"yoi260035r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.9.1407","article-title":"The risk of unprovoked seizures after encephalitis and meningitis.","volume":"38","author":"Annegers","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi260035r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcae098","article-title":"Hospital-treated infections and subsequent Parkinson disease risk: a register-based sibling comparison study.","volume":"6","author":"Vingeliene","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"yoi260035r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(22)00260-7","article-title":"Neurological and psychiatric risk trajectories after SARS-CoV-2 infection: an analysis of 2-year retrospective cohort studies including 1?284?437 patients.","volume":"9","author":"Taquet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"yoi260035r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02001-z","article-title":"Long-term neurologic outcomes of COVID-19.","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi260035r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39973-6","article-title":"Long-term neurological outcome after COVID-19 using all SARS-CoV-2 test results and hospitalizations in Denmark with 22-month follow-up.","volume":"14","author":"Gr\u00f8nkj\u00e6r","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"8","key":"yoi260035r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.1265","article-title":"COVID-19 and risk for mental disorders among adults in Denmark.","volume":"80","author":"Nersesjan","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"yoi260035r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003773","article-title":"Incidence, co-occurrence, and evolution of long-COVID features: a 6-month retrospective cohort study of 273?618 survivors of COVID-19.","volume":"18","author":"Taquet","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"yoi260035r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.05.014","article-title":"Risks of neurological and psychiatric sequelae 2 years after hospitalization or intensive care admission with COVID-19 compared to admissions for other causes.","volume":"112","author":"Ley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi260035r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00084-5","article-title":"6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236?379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records.","volume":"8","author":"Taquet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"22","key":"yoi260035r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.55.2208","article-title":"Moving beyond the hazard ratio in quantifying the between-group difference in survival analysis.","volume":"32","author":"Uno","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi260035r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-015-0060-8","article-title":"Ranking treatments in frequentist network meta-analysis works without resampling methods.","volume":"15","author":"R\u00fccker","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi260035r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-35","article-title":"A graphical tool for locating inconsistency in network meta-analyses.","volume":"13","author":"Krahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"10","key":"yoi260035r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4306","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad238","article-title":"Neurologic complications in herpes simplex encephalitis: clinical, immunological and genetic studies.","volume":"146","author":"Armangu\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi260035r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8316-8","article-title":"Increased rates of sequelae postencephalitis in individuals attending primary care practices in the UK: a population-based retrospective cohort study.","volume":"264","author":"Granerod","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi260035r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230436","article-title":"Neuropsychological and psychiatric outcomes in encephalitis: a multicenter case-control study.","volume":"15","author":"Harris","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"yoi260035r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00757-x","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier in systemic infection and inflammation.","volume":"18","author":"Galea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi260035r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16083","article-title":"Mental health outcomes of encephalitis: an international web-based study.","volume":"31","author":"Butler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"97","key":"yoi260035r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adm7908","article-title":"Infection and chronic disease activate a systemic brain-muscle signaling axis.","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"issue":"7896","key":"yoi260035r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04345-x","article-title":"Local and systemic responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adults.","volume":"602","author":"Yoshida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi260035r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02107-4","article-title":"Molecular states during acute COVID-19 reveal distinct etiologies of long-term sequelae.","volume":"29","author":"Thompson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"yoi260035r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.01.026","article-title":"Large-scale study of Toxoplasma and Cytomegalovirus shows an association between infection and serious psychiatric disorders.","volume":"79","author":"Burgdorf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"}],"container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/articlepdf\/2851369\/jamapsychiatry_taquet_2026_oi_260035_1788289921.68668.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:00:33Z","timestamp":1788361233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/fullarticle\/2851369"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2026.1904","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-622X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-622X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}}}