{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T02:52:21Z","timestamp":1793242341199,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Prior work demonstrates that earlier trauma exposure increases the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after a subsequent trauma, and cross-sectional work has also identified sexual violence (SV) as the form of traumatic stressor with the greatest conditional risk for PTSD. However, little work explores these findings longitudinally with a comparison group with no history of SV.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To examine the differences in PTSD symptoms after a new incident of trauma exposure in survivors with and without an earlier history of SV.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n In this case-control study, data from a longitudinal cohort sample of patients enrolled in the Advancing Understanding of Recovery After Trauma (AURORA) study were examined. Participants were admitted to emergency departments due to a traumatic injury (primarily motor vehicle crash), and they were followed up for 1 year after emergency department (ED) admission. They were recruited within 72 hours of ED admission and then assessed at 5 time points (2 weeks, 8 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months) after their injury. Participants were a diverse and heterogeneous sample of individuals admitted to EDs across the US. Study data were evaluated from January 2025 to March 2026.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposure<\/jats:title>\n Earlier history of SV as assessed at ED admission using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Life Events Checklist.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n \n Symptoms of PTSD as assessed by the PTSD Checklist for\n DSM-5<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The study sample included 2423 individuals (mean [SD] age, 36 [13] years; 1566 female [64.6%]), 1270 whom (52%) reported an earlier history of SV. At every time point, participants with a history of SV demonstrated significantly elevated symptoms of PTSD (\u03b2\u2009=\u20094.62; 95% CI,\u20093.09-6.21;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001) compared with those without a history of SV, even after controlling for earlier nonsexual trauma exposure. Within the group with prior SV, the PTSD symptoms that remained the highest across time points were hypervigilance symptoms (criterion E), although negative alterations in cognition and mood (criterion D) were the symptom cluster that recovered most slowly.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n Results of this case-control study indicate that having a history of SV was associated with elevated symptoms of PTSD and slower symptom recovery after a subsequent nonsexual trauma. These results raise important considerations for clinicians, regardless of whether or not they self-identify as working specifically with survivors of SV.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2026.2219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T15:30:21Z","timestamp":1785339021000},"page":"1038","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prior Sexual Violence, PTSD Symptoms, and Recovery Trajectories After New Trauma"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Emily J.","family":"Mellen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tate","family":"Poplin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Jovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace E.","family":"Rowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey L.","family":"House","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca L.","family":"Beaudoin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinming","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Trauma Recovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Neylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gari D.","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah D.","family":"Linnstaedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Trauma Recovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura T.","family":"Germine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott L.","family":"Rauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Haran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan B.","family":"Storrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Lewandowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Paul I.","family":"Musey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phyllis L.","family":"Hendry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine\u2013Jacksonville, Jacksonville"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine\u2013Jacksonville, Jacksonville"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher W.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany E.","family":"Punches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus"},{"name":"Ohio State University College of Nursing, Columbus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Swor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren A.","family":"Hudak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose L.","family":"Pascual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia"},{"name":"Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Seamon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Henry Ford St. John Hospital, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Peak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Domeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Trinity Health-Ann Arbor, Ypsilanti, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels K.","family":"Rathlev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"O\u2019Neil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit Receiving Hospital, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon D.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven E.","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, St Louis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven E.","family":"Harte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine-Rheumatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald C.","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karestan C.","family":"Koenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel A.","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Trauma Recovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel G.","family":"Harnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry J.","family":"Ressler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"yoi260037r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e356","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4","article-title":"The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"2","author":"Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"yoi260037r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001349","article-title":"The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"9","author":"Norman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi260037r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2012.08.004","article-title":"The physical health consequences of PTSD and PTSD symptoms: a meta-analytic review.","volume":"27","author":"Pacella","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi260037r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.07.031","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and risk for coronary heart disease: a meta-analytic review.","volume":"166","author":"Edmondson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi260037r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04716-w","article-title":"Lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder as a predictor of mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"23","author":"Nilaweera","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"yoi260037r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.194","article-title":"The associations of earlier trauma exposures and history of mental disorders with PTSD after subsequent traumas.","volume":"23","author":"Kessler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi260037r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.3783","article-title":"Association of DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder with traumatic experience type and history in the World Health Organization world mental health surveys.","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"yoi260037r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.131227","article-title":"Rates of posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: meta-analysis.","volume":"204","author":"Alisic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"sup5","key":"yoi260037r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1353383","article-title":"Trauma and PTSD in the WHO world mental health surveys.","volume":"8","author":"Kessler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"yoi260037r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-024-02656-8","article-title":"Prevalence and risk of sexual violence victimization among mental health service users: a systematic review and meta-analyses.","volume":"59","author":"Kaul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi260037r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2023.02.004","article-title":"Prior sexual trauma exposure impacts posttraumatic dysfunction and neural circuitry following a recent traumatic event in the AURORA Study.","volume":"3","author":"Rowland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi260037r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0581-3","article-title":"The AURORA Study: a longitudinal, multimodal library of brain biology and function after traumatic stress exposure.","volume":"25","author":"McLean","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"sup2","key":"yoi260037r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2018.1512747","article-title":"Evolution of the Abbreviated Injury Scale: 1990-2015.","volume":"19","author":"Loftis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi260037r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00541-0","article-title":"Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.","volume":"27","author":"Bernstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi260037r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001098","article-title":"Reliable and clinically significant change in the clinician-administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 and PTSD checklist for DSM-5 among male veterans.","volume":"34","author":"Marx","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi260037r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1891\/vivi.2003.18.1.87","article-title":"The relative effects of intimate partner physical and sexual violence on posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology.","volume":"18","author":"Bennice","year":"2003","journal-title":"Violence Vict"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi260037r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000146641.98665.b6","article-title":"Intimate partner sexual assault against women: frequency, health consequences, and treatment outcomes.","volume":"105","author":"McFarlane","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi260037r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20406","article-title":"A comparison of PTSD symptom patterns in three types of civilian trauma.","volume":"22","author":"Kelley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi260037r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/emp2.12464","article-title":"\u201cI still feel so lost\u201d: experiences of women receiving SANE care during the year after sexual assault.","volume":"2","author":"Buchbinder","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi260037r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211032213","article-title":"PTSD in the year following sexual assault: a meta-analysis of prospective studies.","volume":"24","author":"Dworkin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi260037r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128785031002002","article-title":"The uniqueness of rape: reporting assaultive violence to the police.","volume":"31","author":"Lizotte","year":"1985","journal-title":"Crime Delinq"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi260037r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2005.00156.x","article-title":"The reporting of domestic violence and sexual assault by nonstrangers to the police.","volume":"67","author":"Felson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Marriage Fam"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi260037r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/15299730903502938","article-title":"Disclosure of sexual assault: characteristics and implications for posttraumatic stress symptoms among African American and Caucasian survivors.","volume":"11","author":"Jacques-Tiura","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Trauma Dissociation"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi260037r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260510365869","article-title":"Is reporting of rape on the rise\u2014a comparison of women with reported versus unreported rape experiences in the National Women\u2019s Study-Replication.","volume":"26","author":"Wolitzky-Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi260037r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2012.02.025","article-title":"Receipt of postrape medical care in a national sample of female victims.","volume":"43","author":"Zinzow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi260037r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2018.1522371","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of cognitive processing therapy for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"48","author":"Asmundson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Ther"},{"key":"yoi260037r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.102049","article-title":"Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder under ongoing threat: a systematic review.","volume":"88","author":"Ennis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi260037r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241279860","article-title":"The psychosocial consequences of sexual violence stigma: a scoping review.","volume":"26","author":"Mellen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi260037r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301069","article-title":"Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities.","volume":"103","author":"Hatzenbuehler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"19-20","key":"yoi260037r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11243","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605231179715","article-title":"Sexual violence\u2013related stigma, mental health, and treatment seeking: a multimodal assessment in a population-based study of young adults.","volume":"38","author":"Mellen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi260037r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1177\/21677026251331516","article-title":"Rumination and event centrality mediate the longitudinal relationship between sexual violence stigma and internalizing psychopathology: results from a probability-based study.","volume":"13","author":"Mellen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"yoi260037r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0002170","article-title":"The national sexual violence stigma study: an investigation of sexual violence stigma and health in a population-based sample of US adults.","author":"Mellen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"issue":"8","key":"yoi260037r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-020-00141-9","article-title":"Reasons for and experiences of sexual assault nondisclosure in a diverse community sample.","volume":"35","author":"Ullman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Fam Violence"},{"issue":"6","key":"yoi260037r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2015.1117933","article-title":"The temporal relations of PTSD symptoms among treatment-seeking victims of sexual assault: a longitudinal study.","volume":"21","author":"Hyland","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Loss Trauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi260037r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001376","article-title":"Longitudinal patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among sexual assault survivors: a latent transition analysis.","volume":"16","author":"Goodman-Williams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"key":"yoi260037r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.788123","article-title":"Disclosing child sexual abuse to a health professional: a metasynthesis.","volume":"13","author":"Manolios","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"yoi260037r16","volume-title":"The Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5)","author":"Weathers","year":"2013"},{"key":"yoi260037r17","volume-title":"The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)","author":"Weathers","year":"2013"},{"key":"yoi260037r18","volume-title":"The R Project for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"yoi260037r21","volume-title":"The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2023\/2024 Sexual Violence Data Brief","author":"Leemis","year":"2025"},{"key":"yoi260037r33","volume-title":"The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2016\/2017 Report on Sexual Violence","author":"Basile","year":"2022"},{"key":"yoi260037r10","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About sexual violence. Accessed September 30, 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/sexual-violence\/about\/index.html"},{"key":"yoi260037r19","unstructured":"Brooks? ME, Bolker? BM, Maechler? M, . glmmTMB: Generalized linear mixed models using template model builder. Accessed September 30, 2025. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/glmmTMB\/index.html"},{"key":"yoi260037r20","unstructured":"Lenth? RV. emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. Accessed May 14, 2026. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/emmeans\/index.html"}],"container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/articlepdf\/2852241\/jamapsychiatry_mellen_2026_oi_260037_1793048402.06437.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T15:00:27Z","timestamp":1793199627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/fullarticle\/2852241"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2026.2219","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-622X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-622X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}}}