{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T16:27:11Z","timestamp":1793809631686,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n \n A major challenge in the management of psychotic disorders is the lack of objective biomarkers. While angiotensin-converting enzyme (\n ACE<\/jats:italic>\n ) has been identified as a risk gene for schizophrenia, a major knowledge gap remains regarding whether and how this genetic impact results in biological dysfunction through its protein product.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To compare ACE levels, enzymatic activity, and genetic variations between patients with early-stage psychosis and healthy controls and between patient subgroups with and without treatment-resistant psychosis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This cross-sectional study included patients aged 13 to 35 years with early-stage psychosis (onset within the prior 2 years) who were recruited at the Johns Hopkins Schizophrenia Center in Baltimore, Maryland, between October 30, 2013, and February 9, 2018. Data were analyzed from June 1, 2018, to June 22, 2026.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposure<\/jats:title>\n Early-stage psychosis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n \n The main outcomes were ACE protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid and serum, genomewide and\n ACE<\/jats:italic>\n gene\u2013specific polygenic risk scores, and ACE canonical enzymatic activity in serum.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The study included data from 200 participants (mean [SD] age, 22.8 [4.1] years; 129 [64.5%] male), including 78 healthy controls and 122 patients with early-stage psychosis. ACE protein levels were significantly lower in both cerebrospinal fluid (Cohen\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22121.16;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.005) and serum (Cohen\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.92;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001) in patients compared with controls, with significant correlations between biofluids (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.34;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.04). In patients with psychosis, higher\n ACE<\/jats:italic>\n genetic burden for schizophrenia was associated with lower ACE protein levels (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.35;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.002) but not with ACE canonical (renin-angiotensin system) enzymatic activity. Patients with treatment-resistant cases had lower serum ACE protein levels than patients with non\u2013treatment-resistant cases (Cohen\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.50;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.03). There was no difference in canonical enzymatic activity between these 2 patient subgroups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n \n This cross-sectional study found that ACE protein levels were significantly lower in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in patients with early-stage psychosis compared with controls. Between patient subgroups, ACE protein levels were significantly lower in serum in patients with treatment-resistant psychosis compared with those with non\u2013treatment-resistant psychosis. A contrast was observed between ACE protein levels and catalytic function, where\n ACE<\/jats:italic>\n genetic variations showed a significant correlation with protein levels but not with enzymatic activity.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2026.2588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:00:25Z","timestamp":1788966025000},"page":"1149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme in Patients With Early-Stage Psychosis"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Kun","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Di Carlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"Population and Global Health, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruoyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Semra","family":"Etyemez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Mihaljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Parsippany, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola G.","family":"Cascella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Frederick C.","family":"Nucifora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Coughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Nestadt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Sedlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Sawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"yoi260042r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau4139","article-title":"Deconvolution of transcriptional networks identifies TCF4 as a master regulator in schizophrenia.","volume":"5","author":"Doostparast Torshizi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi260042r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.005","article-title":"Gene expression in patient-derived neural progenitors implicates WNT5A signaling in the etiology of schizophrenia.","volume":"88","author":"Evgrafov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi260042r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01867-4","article-title":"Sex-specific involvement of the Notch-JAG pathway in social recognition.","volume":"12","author":"Jaaro-Peled","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi260042r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.10.031","article-title":"The miR-124-AMPAR pathway connects polygenic risks with behavioral changes shared between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.","volume":"111","author":"Namkung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"yoi260042r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1203466","article-title":"Editorial: olfactory neuroepithelium-derived cellular models to study neurological and psychiatric disorders.","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi260042r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02425-8","article-title":"Inflammation-related pathology in the olfactory epithelium: its impact on the olfactory system in psychotic disorders.","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi260042r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1586\/14737159.8.2.209","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid: identification of diagnostic markers for schizophrenia.","volume":"8","author":"Schwarz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"issue":"6","key":"yoi260042r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0220-4","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid markers of inflammation and infections in schizophrenia and affective disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"24","author":"Orlovska-Waast","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi260042r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx035","article-title":"Meta-analysis of cerebrospinal fluid cytokine and tryptophan catabolite alterations in psychiatric patients: comparisons between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression.","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi260042r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2016.12.010","article-title":"The olfactory neural epithelium as a tool in neuroscience.","volume":"23","author":"Lavoie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi260042r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt257","article-title":"The association of angiotensin-converting enzyme with biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"6","author":"Jochemsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"yoi260042r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00834","article-title":"Association analysis of peripheral and CSF biomarkers in late mild cognitive impairment.","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi260042r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjno-2021-000143","article-title":"Correlation between CSF and blood neurofilament light chain protein: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"3","author":"Alagaratnam","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Neurol Open"},{"key":"yoi260042r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.07.019","article-title":"Cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: new data and an updated meta-analysis.","volume":"202","author":"Gallego","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"yoi260042r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.05.002","article-title":"Profiling inflammatory signatures of schizophrenia: a cross-sectional and meta-analysis study.","volume":"71","author":"Frydecka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"7","key":"yoi260042r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.04.013","article-title":"Meta-analysis of cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: clinical status and antipsychotic effects.","volume":"70","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"yoi260042r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.172","article-title":"Decreased peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels are a biomarker of disease activity in major psychiatric disorders: a comparative meta-analysis.","volume":"19","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"yoi260042r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-021-00836-y","article-title":"Oxytocin levels in individuals with schizophrenia are high in cerebrospinal fluid but low in serum: a systematic review and meta-analysis\u2014oxytocin and schizophrenia.","volume":"36","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-D\u00edaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"yoi260042r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2024.02.001","article-title":"Inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid markers in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 69 studies with 5710 participants.","volume":"266","author":"Warren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"yoi260042r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02059-2","article-title":"Biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with psychotic disorders compared to healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"28","author":"R\u00f8mer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi260042r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-023-04747-7","article-title":"Effects of IL-6\/IL-6R axis alterations in serum, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid with the schizophrenia: an updated review and meta-analysis of 58 studies.","volume":"479","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Castro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"48","key":"yoi260042r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf6935","article-title":"A biomarker-authenticated model of schizophrenia implicating NPTX2 loss of function.","volume":"7","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi260042r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu052","article-title":"Inflammatory molecular signature associated with infectious agents in psychosis.","volume":"40","author":"Hayes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi260042r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.6","article-title":"Marked reduction of soluble superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with recent-onset schizophrenia.","volume":"18","author":"Coughlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi260042r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.40","article-title":"In vivo markers of inflammatory response in recent-onset schizophrenia: a combined study using [(11)C]DPA-713 PET and analysis of CSF and plasma.","volume":"6","author":"Coughlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"yoi260042r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.10.040","article-title":"Reduced superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with early psychosis in association with clinical features.","volume":"183","author":"Coughlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"7906","key":"yoi260042r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04434-5","article-title":"Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia.","volume":"604","author":"Trubetskoy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"yoi260042r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.0005","article-title":"Association of antihypertensive drug target genes with psychiatric disorders: a mendelian randomization study.","volume":"78","author":"Chauquet","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi260042r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.0033","article-title":"Circulating blood-based proteins in psychopathology and cognition: a mendelian randomization study.","volume":"82","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi260042r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.99.3.275","article-title":"The existence of two forms of hypertensin.","volume":"99","author":"Skeggs","year":"1954","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi260042r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.21.2.259","article-title":"Discovery of the two angiotensin peptides and the angiotensin converting enzyme.","volume":"21","author":"Skeggs","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi260042r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16667","article-title":"Comparative first-line effectiveness and safety of ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: a multinational cohort study.","volume":"78","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"6","key":"yoi260042r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000066","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults\u2014executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines.","volume":"71","author":"Whelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi260042r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2010.08.003","article-title":"The diverse functions of GAPDH: views from different subcellular compartments.","volume":"23","author":"Tristan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"issue":"8","key":"yoi260042r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2011.05.010","article-title":"On the functional diversity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: biochemical mechanisms and regulatory control.","volume":"1810","author":"Sirover","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"6","key":"yoi260042r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00725","article-title":"Stress-induced nuclear GAPDH: scientific update and clinical application.","volume":"22","author":"Vedula","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"21","key":"yoi260042r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4132","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr337","article-title":"A comprehensive functional analysis of PTEN mutations: implications in tumor- and autism-related syndromes.","volume":"20","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Escudero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi260042r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2014-102803","article-title":"Functionally distinct groups of inherited PTEN mutations in autism and tumour syndromes.","volume":"52","author":"Spinelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"yoi260042r39","first-page":"60","article-title":"The role of PTEN in neurodevelopment.","volume":"5","author":"Skelton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Neuropsychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi260042r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2018.15","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme in innate and adaptive immunity.","volume":"14","author":"Bernstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"yoi260042r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.08.016","article-title":"Treatment resistant schizophrenia: clinical, biological, and therapeutic perspectives.","volume":"131","author":"Nucifora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"yoi260042r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00757","article-title":"The group of treatment resistant schizophrenias: heterogeneity in treatment resistant schizophrenia (TRS).","volume":"9","author":"Kinon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"yoi260042r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.06.070","article-title":"The impact of delay in clozapine initiation on treatment outcomes in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a systematic review.","volume":"268","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"yoi260042r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10111703","article-title":"Is there a glutathione centered redox dysregulation subtype of schizophrenia?","volume":"10","author":"Palaniyappan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"yoi260042r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01331-7","article-title":"A multimodal study of a first episode psychosis cohort: potential markers of antipsychotic treatment resistance.","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi260042r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-01969-5","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in brain metabolites in healthy controls and patients with first episode psychosis: a 7-Tesla MRS study.","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi260042r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25276","article-title":"Multimodal MRI assessment for first episode psychosis: a major change in the thalamus and an efficient stratification of a subgroup.","volume":"42","author":"Faria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi260042r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx107","article-title":"Olfactory functioning in first-episode psychosis.","volume":"44","author":"Kamath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi260042r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3637","article-title":"Assessing brain metabolism with 7-T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with first-episode psychosis.","volume":"76","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi260042r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdtm.2017.07.002","article-title":"Ethnic differences in the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion\/deletion polymorphism and peripheral vascular disease: A meta-analysis.","volume":"3","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chronic Dis Transl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi260042r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2008.113","article-title":"Racial differences in blood pressure response to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in children: a meta-analysis.","volume":"84","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi260042r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-018-0065-6","article-title":"Non-canonical functions of enzymes facilitate cross-talk between cell metabolic and regulatory pathways.","volume":"50","author":"Snaebjornsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"yoi260042r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.07.021","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-based treatment on cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive Blacks versus Whites.","volume":"66","author":"Ogedegbe","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"yoi260042r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.181","article-title":"Convergent evidences from human and animal studies implicate angiotensin I-converting enzyme activity in cognitive performance in schizophrenia.","volume":"5","author":"Gadelha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi260042r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(93)90013-9","article-title":"Elevated angiotensin-converting enzyme (kininase II) in the cerebrospinal fluid of neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic patients.","volume":"9","author":"Wahlbeck","year":"1993","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"yoi260042r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033334","article-title":"Higher cerebrospinal fluid angiotensin-converting enzyme levels in neuroleptic-treated than in drug-free patients with schizophrenia.","volume":"24","author":"Wahlbeck","year":"1998","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"18","key":"yoi260042r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9937","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.18.9937","article-title":"Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase antisense oligodeoxynucleotides protect against cytosine arabinonucleoside-induced apoptosis in cultured cerebellar neurons.","volume":"93","author":"Ishitani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"8","key":"yoi260042r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3580","article-title":"Nitric oxide signaling and nitrosative stress in neurons: role for S-nitrosylation.","volume":"14","author":"Shahani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi260042r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17311-4","article-title":"Nuclear moonlighting of cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase regulates Arabidopsis response to heat stress.","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"yoi260042r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2024.110065","article-title":"Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"758","author":"Schmalhausen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"yoi260042r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1179315","article-title":"The effects of enhancing angiotensin converting enzyme in myelomonocytes on ameliorating Alzheimer\u2019s-related disease and preserving cognition.","volume":"14","author":"Danziger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi260042r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.1624","article-title":"Precision medicine: from science to value.","volume":"37","author":"Ginsburg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"issue":"6","key":"yoi260042r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-00867-6","article-title":"Complement component C4 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of patients with schizophrenia.","volume":"46","author":"Gallego","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"yoi260042r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33797-6","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid concentration of complement component 4A is increased in first episode schizophrenia.","volume":"13","author":"Gracias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"yoi260042r66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.02.103","article-title":"Genomic variation within the C4 locus and cerebrospinal fluid levels of C4 isotype proteins in acute and chronic schizophrenia.","volume":"89","author":"Gracias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"yoi260042r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.07.004","article-title":"Complement proteins are elevated in blood serum but not CSF in clinical high-risk and antipsychotic-na\u00efve first-episode psychosis.","volume":"113","author":"Cropley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"yoi260042r68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.08.019","article-title":"Overexpression of complement component C4 in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, superior temporal gyrus and associative striatum of patients with schizophrenia.","volume":"90","author":"Rey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"yoi260042r69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.647246","article-title":"Associations between genotype and peripheral complement proteins in first-episode psychosis: evidences from C3 and C4.","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"yoi260042r70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1159\/000534185","article-title":"Prospects and pitfalls of plasma complement C4 in schizophrenia: building a better biomarker.","volume":"45","author":"Severance","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"yoi260042r71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00575-1","article-title":"Predictors of treatment resistance in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study.","volume":"3","author":"Wimberley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"yoi260042r72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.0284","article-title":"Development and validation of a clinically based risk calculator for the transdiagnostic prediction of psychosis.","volume":"74","author":"Fusar-Poli","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"yoi260042r73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0575-1","article-title":"Increased schizophrenia family history burden and reduced premorbid IQ in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a Swedish National Register and Genomic Study.","volume":"26","author":"Kowalec","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"yoi260042r74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0704-x","article-title":"Early treatment response in first episode psychosis: a 7-T magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of glutathione and glutamate.","volume":"25","author":"Dempster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"yoi260042r75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa050","article-title":"A study in first-episode psychosis patients: does angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) activity associated with genotype predict symptoms severity reductions after treatment with the atypical antipsychotic risperidone?","volume":"23","author":"Nani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"yoi260042r40","author":"Jeffery","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["JAMA Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/articlepdf\/2853916\/jamapsychiatry_yang_2026_oi_260042_1793210333.69435.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T16:00:24Z","timestamp":1793808024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/fullarticle\/2853916"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2026.2588","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-622X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-622X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]}}}