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The average obstetric complication rate for surgeons ranges between 25% and 82% in the literature and is considerably higher than that in the general US population at 5% to 15%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-srv240003-2\">\n                    <jats:title>Observations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The risks that pregnant surgeons experience were individually analyzed. These risks included missed prenatal care; musculoskeletal hazards, such as prolonged standing, lifting, and bending; long work hours; overnight calls; exposure to teratogenic agents, such as ionizing radiation, anesthetic gases, chemotherapy agents, and methyl methacrylate; and psychological stress and discrimination from the long-standing stigma associated with balancing motherhood and professional life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-srv240003-3\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A clear, translatable, and enforceable policy addressing perinatal care of surgeons was proposed, citing evidence of the risks reviewed from the literature. 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