{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T04:30:04Z","timestamp":1773894604081,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-soi250056-4\">\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Firearms are the leading cause of death for children and adolescents in the United States. While mass shootings and community gun violence draw significant media attention, little research explores pediatric in-home homicide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-soi250056-5\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To analyze pediatric firearm homicides by location and sociodemographic characteristics. We hypothesized that young children are most likely to die by in-home firearm homicide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-soi250056-6\">\n                    <jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study used data from the National Violent Death Reporting System Restricted Access Database, including 48 states and the District of Columbia from 2020 and 2021 and 14 states from 2005 through 2021. Child and adolescent victims of firearm-related homicide aged 0 to 17 years were included. Data were analyzed between September 13, 2024, and June 28, 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-soi250056-7\">\n                    <jats:title>Exposure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age and child developmental stage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-soi250056-8\">\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome and Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The main outcome was in-home homicide vs homicide elsewhere. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess characteristics associated with in-home pediatric homicide. Temporal trends were assessed with linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-soi250056-9\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 2196 pediatric firearm-related homicides from 2020 through 2021, victims\u2019 median (IQR) age was 16 (14-17) years. Overall, 1790 (81.5%) were male and 406 (18.5%) were female. Of these homicides, 24.4% (n\u2009=\u2009536) occurred at home and 75.6% (n\u2009=\u20091660) occurred outside the home. For younger children (aged 0-12 years; n\u2009=\u2009391), 63.2% (n\u2009=\u2009247) of firearm-related homicides occurred at home. Each 1-year increase in age was associated with a decrease in the odds of homicide occurring at home vs elsewhere (adjusted odds ratio, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.81-0.85;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;amp;lt;\u2009.001). Compared with firearm-related homicides occurring outside the home, in-home homicides were more often associated with murder-suicide (23.0% [n\u2009=\u2009123] vs 1.6% [n\u2009=\u200927];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;amp;lt;\u2009.001), child abuse (20.1% [n\u2009=\u2009108] vs 2.3% [n\u2009=\u200938];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;amp;lt;\u2009.001), and intimate partner violence (16.8% [n\u2009=\u200990] vs 2.4% [n\u2009=\u200940];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;amp;lt;\u2009.001). Of the 310 in-home homicides for which the assailant relationship was identified, a parent was reported in 41.6% (n\u2009=\u2009129), an acquaintance in 18.1% (n\u2009=\u200956), a sibling in 13.5% (n\u2009=\u200942), and a parent\u2019s intimate partner in 11.3% (n\u2009=\u200935). From 2005 through 2021, the incidence of in-home homicide increased from its lowest rate of 0.18 homicides per 100\u202f000 children and adolescents in 2010 to 0.38 homicides per 100\u202f000 in 2021 (\u03b2, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01-0.03;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;amp;lt;\u2009.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-soi250056-10\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study found that nearly one-quarter of pediatric firearm-related homicides occurred at home. Young children were more often affected. These data point to domestic violence and child abuse as significant risk factors for in-home firearm homicide. Traditional safe storage laws may be inadequate preventive measures. Extreme risk protection orders and mandatory domestic violence\u2013related firearm relinquishment may prevent these deaths and warrant further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2025.3429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T15:30:44Z","timestamp":1758900644000},"page":"1185","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Child and Adolescent Firearm-Related Homicide Occurring at Home"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"Jordan M.","family":"Rook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles"},{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Whitney","family":"Orji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Savannah C.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences\/Arkansas Children\u2019s Hospital, Little Rock"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sindhu V.","family":"Mannava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Corewell Health West\/Michigan State University, Grand Rapids"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather A.","family":"Hartman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Surgery, Nemours Children\u2019s Hospital, Wilmington, Delaware"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Garret","family":"Zallen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PeaceHealth Medical Center Springfield Oregon and Shriner\u2019s Hospital, Portland, Oregon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marion C.","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Surgery, The University of Chicago, Comer Children\u2019s Hospital, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Leslie","family":"Knod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Connecticut Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Hartford"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Baerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Surgery, Presbyterian Health System, Albuquerque, New Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Juillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bindi","family":"Naik-Mathuria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, 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