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Orthotopically grown xenografts are technically challenging to perform, but recapitulate the clinical situation to a greater extent than xenografts grown at subcutaneous or intramuscular sites. Thus, orthotopic xenografts develop lymphovascular invasion and metastasize to the para\u2010aortic lymphatic chain in a pattern similar to that seen in patients. The extent of (lymph node) metastases is particularly apparent when the implanted tumor cells are transfected to express a fluorescent marker, such as DsRed, which allows the exposed retroperitoneum to be examined by fluorescence microscopy. Described in this unit is a surgical technique for orthotopic implantation and the use of this model for investigating the effects of novel agents as inhibitors of tumor growth and metastasis. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol<\/jats:italic>. 53:14.19.1\u201014.19.11. \u00a9 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/0471141755.ph1419s53","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]],"date-time":"2011-06-01T11:31:37Z","timestamp":1306927897000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Orthotopic Xenograft Model of Cervical Cancer for Studying Microenvironmental Effects on Metastasis Formation and Response to Drug Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Naz","family":"Chaudary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Cancer Institute\/Princess Margaret Hospital, Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research and University of Toronto, Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Hedley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Cancer Institute\/Princess Margaret Hospital, Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research and University of Toronto, Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard P.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Cancer Institute\/Princess Margaret Hospital, Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research and University of Toronto, Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CLIN.0000037729.75981.9e"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-03-3196"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1926.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im0108s73"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2002.20.3.680"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2006.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_8_1","first-page":"4509","article-title":"Association between tumor hypoxia and malignant progression in advanced cancer of the uterine cervix","volume":"56","author":"Hockel M.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_3_9_1","first-page":"6400","article-title":"Interstitial fluid pressure predicts survival in patients with cervix cancer independent of clinical prognostic factors and tumor oxygen measurements","volume":"61","author":"Milosevic M.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(03)00010-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-0454"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2130"}],"container-title":["Current Protocols in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2F0471141755.ph1419s53","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/0471141755.ph1419s53","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/0471141755.ph1419s53","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/currentprotocols.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/0471141755.ph1419s53","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T06:05:34Z","timestamp":1693807534000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/currentprotocols.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/0471141755.ph1419s53"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/0471141755.ph1419s53"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/0471141755.ph1419s53","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1934-8282","1934-8290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1934-8282","type":"print"},{"value":"1934-8290","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}}}