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Generation of high\u2010titer virus stocks is rapid (less than two days) and typically requires biosafety level 1 or 2 containment. Wild\u2010type vectors are cytotoxic, permitting short\u2010term transgene expression. However, mutant vectors with decreased cytotoxicity, to prolong host cell survival, have been developed. They also increase transgene expression and cellular co\u2010infection, permitting heteromeric protein expression in individual cells. In addition, mutants with temperature\u2010dependent control of transgene expression and altered host cell preference to target interneurons and astrocytes rather than principal neurons are available. Other alphavirus vectors based on Venezuelan equine encephalitis and Eastern equine encephalitis virus replicons have been engineered, too. Alphavirus vectors have been successfully used not only in neuroscience, but also for other applications including drug discovery, structural biology, vaccine development, and cancer therapy. <jats:italic>Curr. Protoc. Neurosci<\/jats:italic>. 57:4.22.1\u20104.22.27. \u00a9 2011 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142301.ns0422s57","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,3]],"date-time":"2011-10-03T13:08:34Z","timestamp":1317647314000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Alphaviruses: Semliki Forest Virus and Sindbis Virus Vectors for Gene Transfer into Neurons"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Markus U.","family":"Ehrengruber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Kantonsschule Hohe Promenade  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sondra","family":"Schlesinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Lundstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PanTherapeutics  Lutry Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.22.12989"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0893-916"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.11.6439-6446.1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(89)90526-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(02)00858-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/MN:26:2-3:183"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280701393204"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.12.7041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mcne.2001.0982"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.11.5720-5728.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280390173346"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1414"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2006.00739.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280802482583"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.12.8111-8117.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.2.1182-1190.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.4.2819-2829.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(81)90003-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142727.mb1002as75"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(98)00010-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(98)00251-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142727.mb0107s41"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02812.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.09.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1291-1356"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_26_1","first-page":"16.20.1","article-title":"Expression of proteins using Semliki Forest virus vectors","volume":"29","author":"Liljestr\u00f6m P.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr. 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