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The method consists of mice swimming daily in lukewarm water in rat tub cages, for 15\u00a0 min\/day for 4 days, and thereafter once per week. This procedure produces a progressive decrease in distance swum and a concomitant increase in immobility (floating) in \u223c70% of the mice, both of which persist unaltered for weeks. The model has predictive, face, and construct validity and has a number of advantages over previous methods in that it utilizes very mild stress, is short in duration, and is easily standardized. Moreover, since it utilizes a greater swimming area than the traditional (Porsolt) method it can be used to study interactions of depressive behavior with behavioral flexibility and perseveration. <jats:italic>Curr. Protoc. Neurosci<\/jats:italic>. 54:9.36.1\u20109.36.8. \u00a9 2011 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142301.ns0936s54","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,4]],"date-time":"2011-01-04T20:01:05Z","timestamp":1294171265000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Open\u2010Space Forced Swim Model of Depression for Mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Stone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(93)90096-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020050184"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-009-0210-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(81)90269-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-0102(96)01088-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(88)90266-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_11_1","first-page":"327","article-title":"Behavioural despair in mice: A primary screening test for antidepressants","volume":"229","author":"Porsolt R.D.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch. 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