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Unfortunately, effective detection of reactive species in tissues is wrought with issues that significantly limit capacity for validating species identity, establishing accurate concentrations, and identifying anatomic sites of production. These shortcomings reveal the pressing need for new approaches to more precisely assess reactive species generation in vivo. Herein, we describe an in vivo immuno\u2010spin trapping method for indirectly assessing oxidant levels by detecting free radicals resulting from reaction of oxidants with biomolecules to form stable, immunologically detectable nitrone\u2010biomolecular adducts. This process couples the reactivity and sensitivity of an electron paramagnetic resonance spin trap with the resolution of confocal imaging to visualize the extent of cell and tissue oxidation and anatomic sites of production by detecting resultant free radical formation. \u00a9 2015 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142956.cy1242s74","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T11:55:11Z","timestamp":1443700511000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["In Vivo Immuno\u2010Spin Trapping: Imaging the Footprints of Oxidative Stress"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Nicholas K.H.","family":"Khoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadiezhda","family":"Cantu\u2010Medellin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudette","family":"St. Croix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric E.","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.10.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im0106s73"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142727.mb1008s83"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.04.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp414"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.02.077"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx200016h"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx700415b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142301.ns0202s56"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00015.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hh1501.094365"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00361.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142956.cy1215s48"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142956.cy1216s48"}],"container-title":["Current Protocols in Cytometry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2F0471142956.cy1242s74","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/0471142956.cy1242s74","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/0471142956.cy1242s74","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/currentprotocols.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/0471142956.cy1242s74","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T11:48:29Z","timestamp":1693741709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/currentprotocols.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/0471142956.cy1242s74"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/0471142956.cy1242s74"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/0471142956.cy1242s74","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1934-9297","1934-9300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1934-9297","type":"print"},{"value":"1934-9300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}}}