{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:35:13Z","timestamp":1791264913138,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1722,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Blind working (BW) time (time during which vision is not required), the interblink interval (IBI), and subjective symptoms were investigated in workers using visual display terminals (VDTs).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Subjects and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate BW time, 10 VDT users were instructed to close their eyes when this did not interfere with their work. They were video recorded for 60 minutes using a webcam attached to the display on which they were engaged in regular data input tasks, and BW time was measured. The values of the IBI during the final 20 minutes of the BW experiment and during the final 20 minutes of normal working without BW were compared. A questionnaire was administered to investigate subjective symptoms using a visual analogue scale.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The total BW time during the final 20-minute period was 20.6-121.0 seconds (1.7%-10.1%). The mean IBI of 5.5 \u00b1 4.5 seconds during the BW experiment was not significantly different from that of 6.2 \u00b1 5.6 seconds during normal working, and the mean of three IBIs immediately after BW during the BW experiment was 2.7 \u00b1 1.0 seconds, significantly shorter than the 6.2 \u00b1 5.6 seconds during normal working. Dry eye, ocular fatigue, and blurred vision during normal working improved when subjects were engaged in BW.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>VDT users could engage in BW during VDT work, the IBI was shorter immediately after BW, and subjective symptoms improved. These results suggest that BW may provide a more effective measure for the management of VDT working time.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/1348-9585.12027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T10:47:43Z","timestamp":1548326863000},"page":"175-181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Blind working time in visual display terminal users"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2133-5347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Fujita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujita Eye Clinic , Chiba, Japan"},{"name":"Kuwano Kyoritsu Hospital , Fukushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Sano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asumigaoka Sano Eye Clinic , Chiba, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School , Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomio","family":"Baba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kuwano Kyoritsu Hospital , Fukushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadashi","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kuwano Kyoritsu Hospital , Fukushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoko","family":"Ohno-Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School , Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199302253280817","article-title":"Dry eyes and video display terminals","volume":"328","author":"Tsubota","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.06.022","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye disease among Japanese visual display terminal users","volume":"115","author":"Uchino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E452","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31824c1801","article-title":"Eye-related pain induced by visually demanding computer work","volume":"89","author":"Thorud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqi029","article-title":"Musculoskeletal disorders and visual strain in intensive data processing workers","volume":"55","author":"Woods","year":"2005","journal-title":"Occup Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1080\/0014013031000067473","article-title":"A critical appraisal of current knowledge and future directions of ergophthalmology: consensus document of the ICOH Committee on \u201cWork and Vision\u201d","volume":"46","author":"Piccoli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1177\/216507990705501004","article-title":"Visual ergonomics in the workplace","volume":"55","author":"Anshel","year":"2007","journal-title":"AAOHN J"},{"key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0007","volume-title":"American Optometric Association: Computer Vision Syndrome"},{"key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0008","volume-title":"American Academy of Ophthalmology: Computers, Digital Devices and Eye Strain"},{"key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0009","volume-title":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare: Guidelines for Industrial Health Controls of VDT Operations"},{"key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0010","volume-title":"Department of Labor, Working: Safely with Video Display Terminals"},{"key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0011","volume-title":"Health and Safety Executive"},{"key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S39104","article-title":"The interblink interval in normal and dry eye subjects","volume":"7","author":"Johnston","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000151564.24989.38","article-title":"The effect of antireflection film use on blink rate and asthenopic symptoms during visual display terminal work","volume":"24","author":"Miyake-Kashima","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2014.05.005","article-title":"Effects of transient blur and VDT screen luminance changes on eyeblink rate","volume":"37","author":"Cardona","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.11-0186-OA","article-title":"Inconsistencies in guidelines for visual health surveillance of VDT workers","volume":"54","author":"Mar Segu\u00ed","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/0014013021000047557","article-title":"The effect of work-rest schedules and type of task on the discomfort and performance of VDT users","volume":"46","author":"Balci","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1984.tb02312.x","article-title":"The endogenous eyeblink","volume":"21","author":"Stern","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3032","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1507","article-title":"Effect of blinking on tear dynamics","volume":"48","author":"Palakuru","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)71639-3","article-title":"Blinking is controlled primarily by ocular surface conditions","volume":"124","author":"Nakamori","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100020037025","article-title":"Effects of ocular surface area and blink rate on tear dynamics","volume":"113","author":"Tsubota","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-003-0786-6","article-title":"Characteristics of spontaneous eyeblink activity during video display terminal use in healthy volunteers","volume":"241","author":"Freudenthaler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2016.09.003","article-title":"New perspectives on dry eye definition and diagnosis: a consensus report by the Asia dry eye society","volume":"15","author":"Tsubota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia Dry Eye Society. Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.05.040","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye disease and its risk factors in visual display terminal users: the Osaka study","volume":"156","author":"Uchino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139008927186","article-title":"Study of the relationship between lacrimation and blink in VDT work","volume":"33","author":"Yaginuma","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1986.tb00697.x","article-title":"A review of the role of sympathetic innervation of the ciliary muscle in ocular accommodation","volume":"6","author":"Gilmartin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4211","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-16313","article-title":"The effects of increasing ocular surface stimulation on blinking and tear secretion","volume":"56","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0700-y","article-title":"Short-term effect of a developed warming moist chamber goggle for video display terminal-associated dry eye","volume":"18","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024071807513666400_joh212027-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-004-0082-y","article-title":"Ocular discomfort at the initial wearing of rigid gas permeable contact lenses","volume":"48","author":"Fujita","year":"2004","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Occupational Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2F1348-9585.12027","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/joh\/article-pdf\/61\/2\/175\/58561637\/joh212027.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/joh\/article-pdf\/61\/2\/175\/58561637\/joh212027.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T07:52:16Z","timestamp":1721289136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/joh\/article\/61\/2\/175\/7249636"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1348-9585.12027","relation":{},"ISSN":["1341-9145","1348-9585"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1341-9145","type":"print"},{"value":"1348-9585","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-08-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-01-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}