{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T13:04:01Z","timestamp":1789909441744,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd000202","type":"withdrawal","label":"Withdrawal","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[1999,1,25]],"date-time":"1999-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":917222400000}}],"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com","cochranelibrary.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd000202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,21]],"date-time":"2003-11-21T03:14:00Z","timestamp":1069384440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Tacrine for Alzheimer's disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2010","author":[{"given":"Nawab","family":"Qizilbash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SmithKline Beecham; New Frontiers Science Park (South) Third Avenue Harlow Essex UK CM19 5AW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Birks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford; Centre for Statistics in Medicine; Wolfson College Linton Road Oxford UK OX2 6UD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jess","family":"L\u00f3pez Arrieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario La Paz-Cantoblanco; Geriatric Department; Ctra de Colmenar km 14,500 Madrid Spain 28049"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Lewington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit; Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus Roosevelt Drive Oxford UK OX3 7LF"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Szeto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB1|cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199210293271801","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study of tacrine for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"327","author":"Davis","year":"1992","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB2|cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.1995.tb00124.x","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled, enriched population study of tacrine in patients with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"2","author":"Forette","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB3|cit3","first-page":"260","article-title":"An enriched-population, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of tacrine and lecithin in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"7","author":"Foster","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB4|cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510370037029","article-title":"A 30-week randomized controlled trial of high-dose tacrine in patients with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"271","author":"Knapp","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB5|cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.930090809","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo controlled, multicentre study of tacrine for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"9","author":"Wood","year":"1994","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB6|cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.470060205","article-title":"Tetrahydroaminoacridine in Alzheimer's dementia: clinical and biochemical results of a double-blind crossover trial","volume":"6","author":"Ahlin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Human Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB7|cit7","first-page":"113","article-title":"Discrimination of tetrahydroaminoacridine responders by a single dose pharmaco-Eeg in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"127","author":"Alhainen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuro Sci"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB8|cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(91)90223-G","article-title":"Somatostatin and cognitive functions in Alzheimer\u2019s disease-the relationship of cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin increase with clinical response to tetrahydroaminoacridine","volume":"130","author":"Alhainen","year":"1991","journal-title":"NeuroSci Lett"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB9|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6723.495","article-title":"Tacrine (tetrahydroaminoacridine; THA) and lecithin in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type: a multicentre trial","volume":"300","author":"Chatellier","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB10|cit10","first-page":"415","article-title":"THA-therapie bei patienten mit seniler demenz vom Alzheimertyp","volume":"100","author":"Dal-Bianco","year":"1988","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB11|cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90225-0","article-title":"Tacrine in Alzheimer\u2019s disease [letter]","volume":"2","author":"Davies","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB12|cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.930050508","article-title":"Tetrahydroaminoacridine in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"5","author":"Davies","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Geriat Psychiat"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB13|cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1992.tb04459.x","article-title":"Tacrine in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"139","author":"Eagger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta-Neurol-Scand-Suppl"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB14|cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92656-M","article-title":"Tacrine in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"337","author":"Eagger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB15|cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.160.1.36","article-title":"Tacrine in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Time course of changes in cognitive function and practice effects","volume":"160","author":"Eagger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br-J-Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB16|cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.930090808","article-title":"Long-term effects of tacrine in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an open study","volume":"9","author":"Eagger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB17|cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03490180055026","article-title":"A controlled trial of tacrine in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"268","author":"Farlow","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB18|cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.2.239","article-title":"Treatment of Alzheimer's disease with short- and long-term oral THA and lecithin: a double-blind study","volume":"147","author":"Fitten","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB19|cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/18.4.223","article-title":"Clinical experience with and side-effects of tacrine hydrochloride in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Forsyth","year":"1989","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB20|cit20","first-page":"237","article-title":"Tetrahydroaminoacridine and lecithin in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume-title":"Current research in Alzheimer therapy","author":"Gauthier","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB21|cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199005033221804","article-title":"Tetrahydroaminoacridine-lecithin combination treatment in patients with intermediate-stage Alzheimer's disease","volume":"322","author":"Gauthier","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB22|cit22","first-page":"114","article-title":"Evaluation of tacrine hydrochloride (Cognex) in two parallel-group studies. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica","volume":"165","author":"Gracon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Supplement"},{"issue":"Rand","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB23|cit23","first-page":"39","article-title":"Physostigmine and tetrahydroaminoacridine treatment of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"149","author":"Gustafson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta-Neurol-Scand-Suppl"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB24|cit24","first-page":"275","article-title":"Modest facititation of memory in dementia with combined lecithin and anticholinerestase treatment","volume":"17","author":"Kaye","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB25|cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6933.879","article-title":"Efficacy of tacrine and lecithin in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: double blind trial","volume":"308","author":"Maltby","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB26|cit26","first-page":"32","article-title":"Oral tetrahydroaminoacridine treatment of Alzheimer's disease evaluated clinically and by regional cerebral blood flow and EEG","volume":"4","author":"Minthon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB27|cit27","first-page":"245","article-title":"Long-term effects of tacrine on regional cerebral blood flow changes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Minthon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB28|cit28","first-page":"29","article-title":"Effect of tetrahydroaminoacridine on cognition, function and behaviour in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"144","author":"Molloy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB29|cit29","first-page":"62","article-title":"Effect of long-term treatment with tacrine (THA) in Alzheimer\u2019s disease as visualized by PET","volume":"Suppl 149","author":"Nordberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB30|cit30","first-page":"231","article-title":"Preliminary experiences and results with THA for the amelioration of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. In: (eds).","volume-title":"Current research in Alzheimer therapy","author":"Nyback","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB31|cit31","first-page":"unknown","article-title":"Long-term tacrine treatment effects on nursing home placement and mortality and the impact of apoE genotype on treatment response in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease (abstract).","volume-title":"Challenges of the dementias","volume":"unknown","author":"Poirier","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB32|cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(95)11780-Z","article-title":"Tetrahydroaminoacridine modulates technetium-99m labelled ethylene dicysteinate retention in Alzheimer\u2019s disease measured with single photon emission computed tomography imaging","volume":"195","author":"Riekkinen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB33|cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02244644","article-title":"Further analysis of the cognitive effects of tetrahydroamino acridine (THA) in Alzheimer's disease: assessment of attentional and mnemonic function using CANTAB. Psychopharmacology Berl","volume":"110","author":"Sahakian","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology-(Berl)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB34|cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.6.1580","article-title":"Effects of replacement therapy on response top tacrine in patients with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"46","author":"Schneider","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB35|cit35","first-page":"309","article-title":"Do blood pressure and age predict response to tacrine (THA) in Alzheimer\u2019s disease? A preliminary report","volume":"27","author":"Schneider","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB36|cit36","first-page":"145","article-title":"Use of THA in treatment of Alzheimer-like dementia: pilot study in twelve patients","volume":"16","author":"Summers","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB37|cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198611133152001","article-title":"Oral tetrahydroaminoacridine in long-term treatment of senile dementia, Alzheimer type","volume":"315","author":"Summers","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB38|cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)92246-0","article-title":"Long-term hepatotoxicity of tacrine [letter]","volume":"1","author":"Summers","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB39|cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00319708","article-title":"Tetrahydroaminoacridine and lecithin in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"238","author":"Weinstein","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB40|cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/22.5.316","article-title":"An evaluation of the efficacy and safety of tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) without lecithin in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"22","author":"Wilcock","year":"1993","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB41|cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-199204000-00012","article-title":"SPECT brain imaging in Alzheimer\u2019s disease during treatment with oral tetrahydroaminoacridine and lecithin","volume":"17","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin-Nucl-Med"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB42|cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1990.tb03620.x","article-title":"Clinical safety, tolerance, and plasma levels of the oral anticholinesterase 1,2,3,4 tetrahydro 9 aminoacridin 1-ol maleate (HP 029) in Alzheimer\u2019s disease:preliminary findings","volume":"30","author":"Cutler","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB43|cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11471","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.23.11471","article-title":"Results and validation of a population pharmacodynamic model for cognitive effects in Alzheimer patients treated with tacrine","volume":"89","author":"Holford","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB44|cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(93)90699-4","article-title":"Delayed matching-to-sample performance during a double-blind trial of tacrine (THA) and lecithin in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Life-Sci","volume":"53","author":"Perryman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Life-Sci"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB45|cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(95)11780-Z","article-title":", Kuikka J, Soininen H, Helkala EL, Hallikainen m, Riekkinen P.Tetrahydroaminoacridine modulates technetium-99m labelled ethylene dicysteinate retention in Alzheimer's disease measured with single photon emission computed imaging","volume":"195","author":"Riekkinen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosci-Lett"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB46|cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wesnes KA Cholinergic therapy directed at cognitive deficits XXth Collegium Internationale Neuro-psychopharmacologicum, Melbourne, Australia 1996","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-977X(96)87435-9"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB47|cit47","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB48|cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90526-X","article-title":"Tacrine","volume":"345","author":"Davis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB49|cit49","first-page":"545","article-title":"Measurement of quality of life changes in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"DeJong","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB50|cit50","first-page":"World wide evid","article-title":"Treatment of early breast cancer.","volume":"1","year":"1990","journal-title":"World wide evidence 1985-1990"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB51|cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"F, Folstein S.E, McHugh P.R. \"Mini-Mental State\" A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB52|cit52","first-page":"Dept of Health,","article-title":"Clinical global impressions in Guy, W (ed), ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology, Rev","volume":"218","author":"Guy","year":"1976","journal-title":"ed Rockville, Md: Dept of Health, Education & Welfare"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB53|cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.1.166","article-title":"Long-term tacrine (Cognex) treatment: Effect on nursing home placement and mortality","volume":"47","author":"Knopman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB54|cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/9.3_Part_1.179","article-title":"Assessment of older people: self maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living","volume":"9","author":"Lawton","year":"1969","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB55|cit55","first-page":"939","article-title":"Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"4","author":"McKhann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB56|cit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.11.1356","article-title":"A new rating scale for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"141","author":"Rosen","year":"1984","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB57|cit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520290060030","article-title":"Empirical evidence of bias: dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials","volume":"273","author":"Schulz","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202-BIB58|cit58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780101105","article-title":"A general parametric approach to the meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials","volume":"10","author":"Whitehead","year":"1991","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd000202","type":"withdrawal","label":"Withdrawal","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[1999,1,25]],"date-time":"1999-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":917222400000}}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/14651858.CD000202","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T14:18:43Z","timestamp":1706278723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD000202"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"name":"Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,1,25]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd000202","relation":{"withdrawal":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000202","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1465-1858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-1858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,1,25]]}}}