{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:28:39Z","timestamp":1793316519091,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd000479.pub5","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619136000000}}],"reference-count":182,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com","cochranelibrary.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd000479.pub6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T01:56:59Z","timestamp":1619143019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Persad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Austria, Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation; Danube University Krems; Krems Austria"},{"name":"Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences; Krems Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare AA","family":"O'Loughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Wellington Hospital; Capital & Coast District Health Board; Wellington New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simi","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gernot","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Austria, Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation; Danube University Krems; Krems Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Matyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Austria, Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation; Danube University Krems; Krems Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie Rosalia","family":"Hassler-Di Fratta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Urology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Nussbaumer-Streit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Austria, Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation; Danube University Krems; Krems Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0001|cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2010.12.008","article-title":"Does varicocele repair improve male infertility? An evidence-based perspective from a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Abdel-Meguid","journal-title":"European Urology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0002|cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2007.01.057","article-title":"Comparison of outcomes of different varicocelectomy techniques: open inguinal, laparoscopic, and subinguinal microscopic varicocelectomy: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"69","author":"Al-Kandari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0003|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.03.050","article-title":"Varicocelectomy for male infertility: a comparative study of open, laparoscopic and microsurgical approaches","volume":"180","author":"Al-Said","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0004|cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1159\/000019772","article-title":"Treatment of varicocele for male infertility: a comparative study evaluating currently used approaches","volume":"34","author":"Barbalias","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Urology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0005|cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afju.2012.04.004","article-title":"Five mm laparoscopic varicocelectomy versus conventional varicocele ligation in young men with symptomatic varicocele: a randomized clinical study","volume":"18","author":"Barry","year":"2012","journal-title":"African Journal of Urology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0006|cit6","first-page":"141","article-title":"Controlled trial of high spermatic vein ligation for varicocele in infertile men","volume":"10","author":"Bo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Andrology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0007|cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3109\/01485019308987750","article-title":"Treatment of varicocele and male fertility","volume":"30","author":"Breznik","year":"1993","journal-title":"Archives of Andrology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0008|cit8","unstructured":"The comparison of laparoscopic and microsurgical varicocelectomy in infertile men with varicocoele on paternity rate 12 months after surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial www.anzctr.org.au\/Trial\/Registration\/TrialReview.aspx?id=363221"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0009|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12343","article-title":"The comparison of laparoscopic and microsurgical varicocelectomy on paternity rate 12 months after surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Bryniarski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0010|cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(99)00603-2","article-title":"Comparison of results and complications of high ligation surgery and microsurgical high inguinal varicocelectomy in the treatment of varicocele","volume":"55","author":"Cayan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0011|cit11","first-page":"334","article-title":"Varicocelectomy: Paloma's procedure versus Ivanissevich's procedure","volume":"10","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan: JCPSP"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0012|cit12","first-page":"28","article-title":"Comparison between the effect of varicocele ligation and vessel embolization on male infertility","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Andrology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0013|cit13","first-page":"53","article-title":"Early use of menotropin in the treatment of varicocele","volume":"75","author":"De Rose","year":"2003","journal-title":"Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia"},{"issue":"Suppl s1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0014|cit14","first-page":"29","article-title":"Does varicocele repair result in more spontaneous pregnancies? A randomised prospective trial","volume":"33","author":"Dohle","journal-title":"International Journal of Andrology (Special Issue 6th European Congress of Andrology)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0015|cit15","unstructured":"Does treatment of a varicocele in subfertile men result in more spontaneous pregnancies? www.trialregister.nl\/trial\/1727"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0016|cit16","first-page":"2397","article-title":"Comparison of the curative effect and total cost of different surgical methods for varicocele","volume":"34","author":"Fang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Guangdong Medical Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0017|cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1159\/000316338","article-title":"Comparison of inguinal approach, scrotal sclerotherapy and subinguinal antegrade sclerotherapy in varicocele treatment: a randomized prospective study","volume":"85","author":"Fayez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urologia Internationalis"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0018|cit18","first-page":"53","article-title":"Comparison of therapeutic effect of microsurgical and laparoscopic methods in the treatment of varicocele","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"China Health Standard Management"},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0019|cit19","first-page":"58","article-title":"Comparative study of the effect of laparoscopic and microscopic ligation of spermatic vein on reproductive hormones and semen quality in patients with varicocele infertility","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chinese Community Doctors"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0020|cit20","first-page":"505","article-title":"Effects of varicocele repair on spontaneous first trimester miscarriage: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Ghanaie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0021|cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.05.009","article-title":"Inguinal versus subinguinal varicocele vein ligation using magnifying loupe under local anaesthesia: which technique is preferable in clinical practice?","volume":"66","author":"Gontero","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0022|cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.2000.00437.x","article-title":"Low-grade left varicocele in patients over 30 years old: the effect of spermatic vein ligation on fertility","volume":"85","author":"Grasso","year":"2000","journal-title":"British Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0023|cit23","first-page":"39; 160","article-title":"The World Health Organization varicocele trial","volume":"77","author":"Hargreave","year":"1996","journal-title":"British Journal of Urology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0024|cit24","unstructured":"Varicocelectomy and ARTs indications en.irct.ir\/trial\/1589"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0025|cit25","unstructured":"Varicocelectomy and ARTs indications en.irct.ir\/trial\/1589"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0026|cit26","first-page":"519","article-title":"The effect of varicocelectomy on assisted reproductive technique indications and outcomes based on Kruger strict morphology test: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"Ketabchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0027|cit27","first-page":"e65451","article-title":"The effects of acupuncture treatment in infertile patients with clinical varicocele","volume":"10","author":"Ketabchi","journal-title":"Nephro-Urology Monthly"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0028|cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0272.2002.00494.x","article-title":"Does treatment of varicocele improve male fertility? Results of the \"Deutsche Varikozelenstudie\", a multicentre study of 14 collaborating centres","volume":"34","author":"Krause","year":"2002","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0029|cit29","first-page":"241A","article-title":"Controlled trial of high spermatic vein ligation for varicocele in infertile men (Abstract 115)","volume":"145","author":"Madgar","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0030|cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)57306-3","article-title":"Controlled trial of high spermatic vein ligation for varicocele in infertile men","volume":"63","author":"Madgar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0031|cit31","first-page":"86","article-title":"Efficacy evaluation of two minimally invasive procedures for the treatment of varicocele","volume":"14","author":"Meng","year":"2017","journal-title":"China Medical Herald"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0032|cit32","first-page":"45","article-title":"Curative effects analysis of spermatic vein ligation under microscope and laparoscope for varicocele treatment","volume":"25","author":"Min","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Andrology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0033|cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1993.tb02716.x","article-title":"Surgical ligation vs. angiographic embolization of the vena spermatica: a prospective randomized study for the treatment of varicocele-related infertility","volume":"25","author":"Nieschlag","year":"1993","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0034|cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.8.2147","article-title":"Update on treatment of varicocele: counselling as effective as occlusion of the vena spermatica","volume":"13","author":"Nieschlag","year":"1998","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0035|cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a135941","article-title":"Treament of varicocele: counselling as effective as occlusion of the vena spermatica","volume":"10","author":"Nieschlag","year":"1995","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0036|cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1979.tb03609.x","article-title":"Improvement of semen and pregnancy rate after ligation and division of the internal spermatic vein: fact or fiction?","volume":"51","author":"Nilsson","year":"1979","journal-title":"British Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0037|cit37","first-page":"114","article-title":"Comparison on the efficacy of laparoscopic and microscopic varicocelectomy in the treatment of varicocele","volume":"31","author":"Niu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chinese Primary Health Care"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0038|cit38","unstructured":"Comparison of outcomes of two approaches in microsurgical varicocelectomy in Chinese infertile males: a prospective randomized, controlled trial clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT01463787"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0039|cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1159\/000345606","article-title":"Comparison of two approaches in microsurgical varicocelectomy in Chinese infertile males","volume":"90","author":"Pan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urologia Internationalis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0040|cit40","first-page":"48","article-title":"Four years' follow-up results of three different percutaneous treatments for male varicocele","volume":"14","author":"Pocek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phlebology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0041|cit41","first-page":"816","article-title":"Comparison of therapeutic effect between microsurgical varicocelectomy and conventional methods in the treatment of primary varicocele","volume":"39","author":"Pu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Chongqing Medical University"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0042|cit42","first-page":"42","article-title":"Comparison of subinguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy (Goldstein's Technique) with inguinal varicocelectomy (Ivanissevich's Technique)","volume":"15","author":"Punekar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0043|cit43","first-page":"49","article-title":"Study on the effect of low-approach microscopic or laparoscopic varicocelectomy in the treatment of varicocele","volume":"23","author":"Qi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Andrology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0044|cit44","first-page":"393","article-title":"A comparative study of low-approach microscopic and laparoscopic varicocelectomy in the treatment of varicocele","volume":"35","author":"Ren","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Urolology and Nephrology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0045|cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/S0302-2838(02)00022-2","article-title":"Treatment of varicocele: a prospective randomized comparison of laparoscopy versus antegrade sclerotherapy","volume":"41","author":"Sautter","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Urology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0046|cit46","first-page":"335","article-title":"Microscopic versus laparoscopic varicocelectomy in the treatment of varicocele: effects and complications","volume":"18","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"National Journal of Andrology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0047|cit47","first-page":"380","article-title":"The effect of four surgical approaches on the semen quality and pregnancy rate in patients with subclinical varicocele","volume":"23","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hebei Medical University Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0048|cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1758-5910.2011.00109.x","article-title":"Comparing three different surgical techniques used in adult bilateral varicocele","volume":"5","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Endoscopic Surgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0049|cit49","first-page":"271","article-title":"Laparoscopic versus open varicocelectomy: a prospective study","volume":"6","author":"Telkar","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0050|cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-2042.2001.00289.x","article-title":"Clomiphene citrate versus varicocelectomy in treatment of subclinical varicocele: a prospective randomized study","volume":"8","author":"Unal","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Urology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0051|cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)66149-4","article-title":"Effect of varicocelectomy on sperm parameters and pregnancy rate in patients with subclinical varicocele: a randomized prospective controlled study","volume":"155","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0052|cit52","first-page":"765","article-title":"Comparison of the results of microsurgical inguinal and transumbilical laparoscopic high ligation in the treatment of varicocele","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Primary Medicine and Pharmacy"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0053|cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1992.tb01133.x","article-title":"Efficacy of varicocele embolization versus ligation of the left internal spermatic vein for improvement of sperm quality","volume":"15","author":"Yavetz","year":"1992","journal-title":"International Journal of Andrology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0054|cit54","first-page":"117","article-title":"Analysis of the effect of microscopy and laparoscopic surgery on varicocele","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Henan Medical Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0055|cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1008-0848.2012.03.013","article-title":"Comparative study of effect of low-approach microscopic and laparoscopic varicocelectomy in treatment of varicocele","volume":"26","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Andrology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0056|cit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.03.063","article-title":"Microsurgical and nonmagnified subinguinal varicocelectomy for infertile men: a comparative study","volume":"94","author":"Abdel-Maguid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0057|cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.08.071","article-title":"Re: Does varicocele repair improve male infertility? An evidence-based perspective from a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"186","author":"Abdel-Meguid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0058|cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.5173\/ceju.2017.1297","article-title":"Retroperitoneal varix ligation with sclerotherapy: a prospective randomized comparative study","volume":"70","author":"Abdelsalam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Central European Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0059|cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.128497","article-title":"Painful varicoceles: role of varicocelectomy","volume":"30","author":"Abrol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Urology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0060|cit60","unstructured":"The comparison of laparoscopic and microsurgical varicocelectomy on paternity rate 12 months after surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial www.anzctr.org.au\/Trial\/Registration\/TrialReview.aspx?id=363221"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0061|cit61","first-page":"611","article-title":"Treatment of varicoceles with detachable balloon embolization","volume":"55","author":"Adams","year":"1983","journal-title":"Radiologic Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0062|cit62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1211-11","article-title":"Comparison of different ligation techniques in laparoscopic varicocelectomy","volume":"44","author":"Akin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0063|cit63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allameh F Hasanzadeh HA Abedi A Ranjbar A Qashqai H Fadavi B Varicocelectomy with primary gubernaculum veins closure: a randomised clinical trial Andrologia 2018 50 4 e12991 10.1111\/and.12991","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12991"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0064|cit64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12991","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12991","article-title":"Varicocelectomy with primary gubernaculum veins closure: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"50","author":"Allameh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0065|cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.07.408","article-title":"Outcome of microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy in men with nonobstructive azoospermia","volume":"108","author":"Arafa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0066|cit66","first-page":"21","article-title":"Effectiveness of surgery in infertile patients caused by varicocele","volume":"117","author":"Atmaja","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJU International"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0067|cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2018.04.485","article-title":"Factors predicting paternity after varicocele surgery","volume":"15","author":"Aziz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Sexual Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0068|cit68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.06.018","article-title":"Varicocele and male factor infertility treatment: a new meta-analysis and review of the role of varicocele repair","volume":"60","author":"Baazeem","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Urology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0069|cit69","first-page":"145","article-title":"The effect of microsurgery inguinal varicocelectomy by secondary infertile male patients with clinical varicocele","volume":"30","author":"Badur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0070|cit70","first-page":"209","article-title":"Laparoscopic versus open high ligation of the testicular veins for the treatment of varicocele","volume":"4","author":"Bebars","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0071|cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2012.03167.x","article-title":"Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery by single port technique versus conventional transperitoneal laparoscopic varicocele ligation: a prospective randomized study","volume":"19","author":"Boxin","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Urology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0072|cit72","first-page":"22","article-title":"Spermatic vein embolisation as a treatment for symptomatic varicocoele","volume":"118","author":"Broe","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJU International"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0073|cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.08.072","article-title":"Re: Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery versus conventional laparoscopic varicocele ligation in men with palpable varicocele: a randomized, clinical study: editorial comment","volume":"188","author":"Cadeddu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0074|cit74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2015.01.015","article-title":"Reassessing the role of subclinical varicocele in infertile men with impaired semen quality: a prospective study","volume":"85","author":"Cantoro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0075|cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.02.3139","article-title":"Fate of recurrent or persistent varicocele in the era of assisted reproduction technology: microsurgical subinguinal redo varicocelectomy versus observation","volume":"197","author":"Cayan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0076|cit76","first-page":"154","article-title":"Spermatic vein and artery ligation for varicocele","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"National Journal of Andrology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0077|cit77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682x.167724","article-title":"The varicocele: diagnostic dilemmas, therapeutic challenges and future perspectives","volume":"18","author":"Chiba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Andrology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0078|cit78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.05.025","article-title":"Re: Does varicocele repair improve male infertility? An evidence-based perspective from a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Urology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0079|cit79","first-page":"263","article-title":"Scleroembolization in the treatment of varicocele: results of a randomized comparative study with surgical correction","volume":"5","author":"Fandella","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Urologica Italica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0080|cit80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.1997.00407.x","article-title":"Retrograde embolization and causes of failure in the primary treatment of varicocele","volume":"80","author":"Feneley","year":"1997","journal-title":"British Journal of Urology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0081|cit81","first-page":"262","article-title":"Varicocele open surgery or laparoscopy or embolization: which is better?","volume":"12","author":"Gargouri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Sexual Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0082|cit82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.06.060","article-title":"Subinguinal microvaricocelectomy versus retroperitoneal varicocelectomy: comparative study of complications and surgical outcome","volume":"64","author":"Ghanem","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0083|cit83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)67327-0","article-title":"Bilateral varicocele: impact of right spermatic vein ligation on fertility","volume":"153","author":"Grasso","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0084|cit84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-9056(11)60679-9","article-title":"Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery versus conventional laparoscopic varicocele ligation: a randomized clinical study","volume":"10","author":"Ha","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Urology, Supplements"},{"issue":"4 Suppl S","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0085|cit85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.07.506","article-title":"Prospective comparative study with two microsurgical techniques of varicocele repair","volume":"74","author":"Hinev","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0086|cit86","first-page":"314","article-title":"Varicocele - laparoscopic versus open ligation","volume":"10","author":"Iqbal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annals of King Edward Medical University"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0087|cit87","unstructured":"Effect of laparoscopy versus open surgery on the size and function of testis in patients with varicocele en.irct.ir\/trial\/9482"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0088|cit88","unstructured":"Comparative assessment of varicocelectomy outcomes with and without gubernacular veins closure en.irct.ir\/trial\/20474?revision=20474"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0089|cit89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.07.020","article-title":"Treatment of varicoceles: techniques and outcomes","volume":"108","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0090|cit90","unstructured":"Treatment of varicocele: randomized prospective study on surgery upload.umin.ac.jp\/cgi-open-bin\/ctr\/ctr.cgi?function=brows&action=brows&type=summary&recptno=R000000472&language=J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0091|cit91","first-page":"298","article-title":"Is microsurgery necessary in grade 3 varicocele?","volume":"8","author":"Kalkan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Urology Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0092|cit92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.09.024","article-title":"Laparoendoscopic single site varicocele ligation: comparison of testicular artery and lymphatic preservation versus complete testicular vessel ligation","volume":"189","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0093|cit93","first-page":"280","article-title":"Evaluation of low ligation and high ligation procedures for varicocele","volume":"13","author":"Khan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan: JCPSP"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0094|cit94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2016.02.2768","article-title":"Recurrence rates of radiological embolization for the treatment of varicocele are comparable to surgical intervention: a decade long study","volume":"195","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0095|cit95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)55324-2","article-title":"Effects of varicocele treatment in adolescents: a randomized study","volume":"58","author":"Laven","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0096|cit96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)36391-7","article-title":"Should the testicular artery be preserved at varicocelectomy?","volume":"149","author":"Matsuda","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0097|cit97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.02.895","article-title":"Dilemma of adolescent varicocele: long-term outcome in patients managed surgically and in patients managed expectantly","volume":"191","author":"Moursy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0098|cit98","unstructured":"Microsurgical varicocelectomy versus no surgery in men with a palpable varicocele and an abnormal semen analysis clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT00767338"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0099|cit99","unstructured":"The effect of different modialites of varicocelectomy on semen parameters in patient with normal semen analysis clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03281915"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0100|cit100","unstructured":"Varicocele treatment by endovasculer embolization clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03341897"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0101|cit101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)64403-3","article-title":"Repair versus observation in adolescent varicocele: a prospective study","volume":"158","author":"Paduch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0102|cit102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2010.02701.x","article-title":"Umbilical laparoendoscopic single site surgery versus inguinal varicocelectomy for bilateral varicocele: a comparative study","volume":"18","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0103|cit103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2002.32264","article-title":"Laparoscopic surgery for pediatric varicoceles: randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Podkamenev","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Surgery"},{"issue":"5 I","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0104|cit104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)36934-3","article-title":"Varicocele treatment: prospective randomized trial of 3 methods","volume":"148","author":"Sayfan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0105|cit105","first-page":"A262","article-title":"Comparison of open, local and laparoscopic varicocelectomy according to operation time, cost, spermogram and complications","volume":"23","author":"Shamsa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Endourology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0106|cit106","first-page":"31","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of a current method of treating varicocele","volume":"3","author":"Shioshvili","year":"2003","journal-title":"Urologiia"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0107|cit107","first-page":"3","article-title":"Laparoscopic and open varicocelectomy: a comparison of efficacy in an Asian scenario","volume":"1","author":"Siu","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0108|cit108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-017-1749-x","article-title":"Bilateral is superior to unilateral varicocelectomy in infertile males with left clinical and right subclinical varicocele: a prospective randomized controlled study","volume":"50","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Urology and Nephrology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0109|cit109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.07.644","article-title":"Beneficial effect of microsurgical varicocelectomy on semen parameters and clinical outcome in severe male factor infertility","volume":"102","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0110|cit110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.02.3140","article-title":"Study to analyse the fertility potential of varicocelectomy in non-obstructive azoospermia (noa), virtual azoospermia (va) and severe oligospermia (so)","volume":"197","author":"Tamhankar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0111|cit111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-011-0188-9","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of two different n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylates for the embolization of varicoceles: a prospective, randomized, blinded study","volume":"35","author":"Vanlangenhove","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0112|cit112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-7796.198899","article-title":"A prospective randomized comparative trial between open subinguinal and loupe assisted subinguinal varicocelectomy: a single center experience","volume":"9","author":"Vyas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urology Annals"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0113|cit113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.136443","article-title":"Inguinal and subinguinal micro-varicocelectomy, the optimal surgical management of varicocele: a meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Andrology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0114|cit114","first-page":"7","article-title":"The research on microscopic vs self-made laparoscopic varicocelectomy: therapeutic effects and complications","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Urology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0115|cit115","first-page":"127","article-title":"Effects of varicocelectomy on testis volume and semen parameters in adolescents: a randomized prospective study","volume":"58","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nagoya Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0116|cit116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1995.tb02093.x","article-title":"Comparison of artery-ligating and artery-preserving varicocelectomy: effect on postoperative spermatogenesis","volume":"27","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0117|cit117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1995.tb02093.x","article-title":"Comparison of artery-ligating and artery-preserving varicocelectomy: effect on post-operative spermatogenesis","volume":"27","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0118|cit118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2015.07.001","article-title":"Corrigendum to 'Single incision transumbilical laparoscopic varicocelectomy versus the conventional laparoscopic technique: a randomized clinical study'","volume":"20","author":"Youssef","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0119|cit119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2015.06.033","article-title":"Microscopic retroperitoneal varicocelectomy with artery and lymphatic sparing: an alternative treatment for varicocele in infertile men","volume":"86","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0120|cit120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2008.11.050","article-title":"Efficacy of bilateral and left varicocelectomy in infertile men with left clinical and right subclinical varicoceles: a comparative study","volume":"73","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0121|cit121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2003.04136.x","article-title":"Medical therapy of oligoasthenospermia associated with left varicocele","volume":"91","author":"Cavallini","year":"2003","journal-title":"British Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0122|cit122","first-page":"1080","article-title":"Microscopic spermatic vein ligation for the treatment of varicocele","volume":"23","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhong Hua Nan Ke Xue"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0123|cit123","unstructured":"Doppler ultrasound assisted varicocelectomy improve sperm qualities clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02695199"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0124|cit124","unstructured":"Doppler ultrasound assisted varicocelectomy improve sperm qualities clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02695199"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0125|cit125","unstructured":"The role of microsurgery in surgical treatment of varicocele clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02722187"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0126|cit126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826\u201334","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den310","article-title":"A review of known imprinting syndromes and their association with assisted reproduction technologies","volume":"23","author":"Amor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0127|cit127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796\u2013808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.06.018","article-title":"Varicocele and male factor infertility treatment: a new meta-analysis and review of the role of varicocele repair","volume":"60","author":"Baazeem","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Urology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0128|cit128","first-page":"277","article-title":"Varicocelectomy: microsurgical inguinal varicocelectomy is the treatment of choice","volume":"1","author":"Binsaleh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Canadian Urological Association Journal"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0129|cit129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600\u201314","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.10.2600","article-title":"Prenatal testing in ICSI pregnancies: incidence of chromosomal anomalies in 1586 karyotypes and relation to sperm parameters","volume":"17","author":"Bonduelle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0130|cit130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255\u201363","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.17985","article-title":"Trends in use of and reproductive outcomes associated with intracytoplasmic sperm injection","volume":"313","author":"Boulet","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0131|cit131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.295","article-title":"Varicocele surgery or embolization: which is better?","volume":"6","author":"Cassidy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Canadian Urological Association Journal"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0132|cit132","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Reproductive Health Assisted reproductive technology www.cdc.gov\/ART\/ART2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0133|cit133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65\u201373","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.78431","article-title":"Management options of varicoceles","volume":"27","author":"Chan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0134|cit134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.167724","article-title":"The varicocele: diagnostic dilemmas, therapeutic challenges and future perspectives","volume":"18","author":"Chiba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Andrology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0135|cit135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.2016.34.2.101","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of varicocele repair in infertile men: a review","volume":"34","author":"Chiba","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Journal of Men's Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0136|cit136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.2013.31.1.12","article-title":"Current Issues in varicocele management: a review","volume":"31","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Journal of Men's Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0137|cit137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322008000300018","article-title":"The role of varicocele repair in the new era of assisted reproductive technology","volume":"63","author":"Cocuzza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0138|cit138","unstructured":"Covidence Veritas Health Innovation"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0139|cit139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803\u201313","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1008095","article-title":"Reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects","volume":"366","author":"Davies","year":"2012","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0140|cit140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410x.2012.11093.x","article-title":"Open non-microsurgical, laparoscopic or open microsurgical varicocelectomy for male infertility: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"110","author":"Ding","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJU International"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0141|cit141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.12.3122","article-title":"Sperm DNA quality predicts intrauterine insemination outcome: a prospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Duran","year":"2002","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0142|cit142","unstructured":"European Association of Urology EAU guidelines on male infertility https:\/\/uroweb.org\/guideline\/male%20infertility\/#6"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0143|cit143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596\u2013601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.11.080","article-title":"Increased risk of cancer in infertile men: analysis of U.S. claims data","volume":"193","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0144|cit144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66\u201371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.10.017","article-title":"Relationship between semen production and medical comorbidity","volume":"103","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0145|cit145","unstructured":"EndNote Clarivate 2020"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0146|cit146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0b013e3282fcc00c","article-title":"Varicocele repair: does it still have a role in infertility treatment?","volume":"20","author":"French","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0147|cit147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545\u201352","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den103","article-title":"Prenatal testing among women pregnant after assisted reproductive techniques in Denmark 1995-2000: a national cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Gjerris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0148|cit148","unstructured":"GRADEpro GDT McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0149|cit149","unstructured":"Hargreave TB Varicocele: overview and commentary on the results of the World Health Organization varicocele trial Waites GMH Frick J Baker GWH Current Advances in Andrology. VI International Congress of Andrology; 1997 May 25-29; Salzburg, Austria Bologna, Italy Monduzzi Editore S.p.a. 1997 31 44"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0150|cit150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12511","article-title":"A global view of the pathophysiology of varicocele","volume":"6","author":"Hassanin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0151|cit151","unstructured":"Higgins JP Thomas J Chandler J Cumpston M Li T Page MJ Welch VA Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.2 (updated February 2021). Cochrane, 2021 Available from training.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0152|cit152","first-page":"2261","article-title":"Comparison between microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy with and without testicular delivery for infertile men","volume":"12","author":"Hou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sexual Dysfunction and Infertility"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0153|cit153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/7.1.59","article-title":"Effects of varicocele on male fertility","volume":"7","author":"Jarow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human Reproduction Update"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0154|cit154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2017.98","article-title":"Varicocele and male infertility","volume":"14","author":"Jensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Urology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0155|cit155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)36696-X","article-title":"Results of varicocele surgery in adolescents: a comparison of techniques","volume":"148","author":"Kass","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0156|cit156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.4111\/kju.2013.54.10.703","article-title":"Impact of surgical varicocele repair on pregnancy rate in subfertile men with clinical varicocele and impaired semen quality: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"54","author":"Kyu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0157|cit157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)66104-6","article-title":"Significant medical pathology discovered during a male infertility evaluation","volume":"166","author":"Kolettis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0158|cit158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.5173\/ceju.2015.642","article-title":"Varicocele as a source of male infertility \u2013 current treatment techniques","volume":"68","author":"Artur Dobronski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Central European Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0159|cit159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3109\/14647273.2010.528823","article-title":"Clinical implications of sperm DNA damage","volume":"13","author":"Lewis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Human Fertility"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0160|cit160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.12.008","article-title":"Reassessing the value of varicocelectomy as a treatment for male subfertility with a new meta-analysis","volume":"88","author":"Marmar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0161|cit161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1590\/s1677-5538.ibju.2017.0386","article-title":"The history of varicocele: from antiquity to the modern ERA","volume":"44","author":"Marte","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Brazilian Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0162|cit162","first-page":"E66","article-title":"Time to improvement in semen parameters after microsurgical varicocelectomy in men with severe oligospermia","volume":"13","author":"Masterson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Canadian Urological Association Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0163|cit163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0164|cit164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dms018","article-title":"Obstetric and perinatal outcomes in singleton pregnancies resulting from IVF\/ICSI: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Pandey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Human Reproduction Update"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0165|cit165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.178482","article-title":"Varicocele management in the era of in vitro fertilization\/intracytoplasmic sperm injection","volume":"18","author":"Pathak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Andrology"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0166|cit166","first-page":"1","article-title":"Milder is better? Advantages and disadvantages of \"mild\" ovarian stimulation for human in vitro fertilization","volume":"9","author":"Revelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reproduction Biology Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0167|cit167","unstructured":"Review Manager Web (RevMan Web) The Cochrane Collaboration 2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0168|cit168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75\u201384","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.7222","article-title":"Autism and mental retardation among offspring born after in vitro fertilization","volume":"310","author":"Sandin","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0169|cit169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.12.084","article-title":"The impact of varicocelectomy on sperm parameters: a meta-analysis","volume":"187","author":"Schauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0170|cit170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000001520","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility in Men: AUA\/ASRM Guideline Part II","volume":"205","author":"Schlegel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0171|cit171","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann H Bro\u017cek J Guyatt G Oxman A Handbook for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations using the GRADE approach (updated October 2013). GRADE Working Group, 2013 Available from gdt.guidelinedevelopment.org\/app\/handbook\/handbook.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0172|cit172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.1.112","article-title":"The adolescent varicocele: what's new with an old problem in young patients?","volume":"100","author":"Skoog","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0173|cit173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2017.07.16","article-title":"The role of microsurgical varicocelectomy in treating male infertility","volume":"6","author":"Tatem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Translational Andrology and Urology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0174|cit174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333\u201344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2006.06579.x","article-title":"Varicocele: antegrade scrotalsclerotherapy","volume":"98","author":"Tauber","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJU International"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0175|cit175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351\u20136","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.562","article-title":"Increased risk of testicular germ cell cancer among infertile men","volume":"169","author":"Walsh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0176|cit176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25075","article-title":"Increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer among infertile men","volume":"116","author":"Walsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0177|cit177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.136443","article-title":"Inguinal and subinguinal micro-varicocelectomy, the optimal surgical management of varicocele: a meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Andrology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0178|cit178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/08941939.2018.1474979","article-title":"Microsurgery versus laparoscopic surgery for varicocele: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Surgery"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0179|cit179","unstructured":"World Health Organization Infertility: a tabulation of available data on prevalence of primary and secondary infertility apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/59769"},{"issue":"7570","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0180|cit180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38919.495718.AE","article-title":"Infertility, infertility treatment, and congenital malformations: Danish national birth cohort","volume":"333","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0181|cit181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13503-9","article-title":"Assessment of efficacy of varicocele repair for male subfertility: a systematic review","volume":"361","author":"Evers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6-BIB0182|cit182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub5","article-title":"Surgery or embolization for varicoceles in subfertile men","author":"Kroese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T06:35:15Z","timestamp":1779172515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD000479.pub6"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"name":"Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"references-count":182,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd000479.pub6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-1858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-1858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]}}}