{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:44:17Z","timestamp":1790664257948,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd002021.pub3","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,29]],"date-time":"2017-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496016000000}}],"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com","cochranelibrary.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd002021.pub4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,29]],"date-time":"2017-05-29T05:37:04Z","timestamp":1496036224000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Opioid antagonists with minimal sedation for opioid withdrawal"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2017","author":[{"given":"Linda","family":"Gowing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Adelaide; Discipline of Pharmacology; Frome Road Adelaide South Australia Australia 5005"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Adelaide; Discipline of Pharmacology; Frome Road Adelaide South Australia Australia 5005"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Australia; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences; GPO Box 2471 Adelaide Australia SA 5001"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0001|cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2005.0007","article-title":"A comparison of rapid (opioid) detoxification with clonidine-assisted detoxification for heroin-dependent persons","volume":"1","author":"Arnold-Reed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Opioid Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0002|cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/13556210020040226","article-title":"The impact of naloxone\/lofexidine combination treatment on the opiate withdrawal syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Bearn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Addiction Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0003|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2003.tb00544.x","article-title":"The effectiveness of combined naloxone\/lofexidine in opiate detoxification: results from a double-blind randomized and placebo-controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Beswick","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal on Addictions"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0004|cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/1355621031000069882","article-title":"Major disruptions of sleep during treatment of the opiate withdrawal syndrome: differences between methadone and lofexidine detoxification treatments","volume":"8","author":"Beswick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0005|cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00116-7","article-title":"Naltrexone and lofexidine combination treatment compared with conventional lofexidine treatment for in-patient opiate detoxification","volume":"59","author":"Buntwal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0006|cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(94)00077-8","article-title":"Clonidine and opiate receptor antagonists in the treatment of heroin addiction","volume":"12","author":"Gerra","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0007|cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(99)00050-1","article-title":"Rapid opiate detoxification in outpatient treatment: Relationship with naltrexone compliance","volume":"18","author":"Gerra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0008|cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.020","article-title":"In-patient detoxification procedures, treatment retention, and post-treatment opiate use: comparison of lofexidine+naloxone, lofexidine+placebo, and methadone","volume":"88","author":"McCambridge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0009|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02599882","article-title":"Primary care-based ambulatory opioid detoxification: the results of a clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"O'Connor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"Sept\/Oct","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0010|cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02599459","article-title":"Ambulatory opiate detoxification and primary care: a role for the primary care physician","volume":"7","author":"O'Connor","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0011|cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-127-7-199710010-00004","article-title":"Three methods of opioid detoxification in a primary care setting. A randomized trial","volume":"127","author":"O'Connor","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0012|cit12","first-page":"309","article-title":"Three methods of ambulatory opiate detoxification: preliminary results of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"132","author":"Shi","year":"1993","journal-title":"NIDA Research Monograph"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0013|cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00033-2","article-title":"Naltrexone shortened opioid detoxification with buprenorphine","volume":"56","author":"Umbricht","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0014|cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1197\/aemj.10.8.860","article-title":"Emergency department presentations of naltrexone-accelerated detoxification","volume":"10","author":"Armstrong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Academic Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0015|cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v13n01_04","article-title":"A study of the use of clonidine and naltrexone in the treatment of opioid dependence in the former USSR","volume":"13","author":"Azatian","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Addictive Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0016|cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3109\/00952999609001675","article-title":"Rapid opiate detoxification","volume":"22","author":"Bartter","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0017|cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2000.tb00215.x","article-title":"A compressed opiate detoxification regime with naltrexone maintenance: patient tolerance, risk assessment and abstinence rates","volume":"5","author":"Beaini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addiction Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0018|cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1999.tb123493.x","article-title":"A pilot study of naltrexone-accelerated detoxification in opioid dependence","volume":"171","author":"Bell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0020|cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.153.1.120","article-title":"Naloxone in heroin withdrawal","volume":"153","author":"Brewer","year":"1988","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0019|cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.153.3.340","article-title":"Opioid withdrawal and naltrexone induction in 48-72 hours with minimal drop-out, using a modification of the naltrexone-clonidine technique","volume":"153","author":"Brewer","year":"1988","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0021|cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1159\/000095811","article-title":"Naltrexone-assisted rapid methadone discontinuation: a pilot study","volume":"13","author":"Camarasa","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Addiction Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0022|cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/135562102200120479","article-title":"24-Hour opiate detoxification and antagonist induction at home - The 'Asturian method': a report on 1368 procedures","volume":"7","author":"Carreno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addiction Biology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0023|cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.7.831","article-title":"The combined use of clonidine and naltrexone as a rapid, safe and effective treatment of abrupt withdrawal from methadone","volume":"143","author":"Charney","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0024|cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290110077013","article-title":"Clonidine and naltrexone: a safe, effective, and rapid treatment of abrupt withdrawal from methadone therapy","volume":"39","author":"Charney","year":"1982","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0025|cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.02.051","article-title":"Narcotic antagonists in drug dependence: pilot study showing enhancement of compliance with SYN-10, amino-acid precursors and enkephalinase inhibition therapy","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medical Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0026|cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2015.01.004","article-title":"Naltrexone-facilitated buprenorphine discontinuation: a feasibility trial","volume":"53","author":"Dakwar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0027|cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00959.x","article-title":"General anaesthesia does not improve outcome in opioid antagonist detoxification treatment: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"100","author":"Jong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0028|cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e31818a6596","article-title":"Prediction of abstinence in opioid-dependent patients","volume":"2","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Addiction Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0029|cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2008.0035","article-title":"Prediction of withdrawal symptoms during opioid detoxification","volume":"4","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Opioid Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0030|cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2010.00033.x","article-title":"Opioid detoxification: from controlled clinical trial to clinical practice","volume":"19","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal on Addictions"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0031|cit31","first-page":"S50","article-title":"Rapid opioid detoxification using buprenorphine and naltrexone","volume":"63","author":"Frownfelter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0032|cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(01)00178-7","article-title":"Lofexidine versus clonidine in rapid opiate detoxification","volume":"21","author":"Gerra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0033|cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106060835","article-title":"Naltrexone and buprenorphine combination in the treatment of opioid dependence","volume":"20","author":"Gerra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0034|cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230124048","article-title":"Accelerated withdrawal from methadone maintenance therapy using naltrexone and minimal sedation: a case-series analysis","volume":"20","author":"Glasgow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0035|cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v23n01_06","article-title":"Unexpected delirium during Rapid Opioid Detoxification (ROD)","volume":"23","author":"Golden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Addictive Diseases"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0036|cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/00952998709001497","article-title":"Clonidine and naltrexone in the outpatient treatment of heroin withdrawal","volume":"13","author":"Kleber","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0037|cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1976.tb01493.x","article-title":"Rapid detoxification of the narcotic addict with naloxone hydrochloride. A preliminary report","volume":"16","author":"Kurland","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0038|cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.23.9.544","article-title":"Ultra-rapid opiate detoxification in hospital","volume":"23","author":"London","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychiatric Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0039|cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v22n02_05","article-title":"Use of very low-dose naltrexone during opiate detoxification","volume":"22","author":"Mannelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Addictive Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0040|cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00119.x","article-title":"Very low dose naltrexone addition in opioid detoxification: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Mannelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0041|cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490902772785","article-title":"Early outcomes following low dose naltrexone enhancement of opioid detoxification","volume":"18","author":"Mannelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal on Addictions"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0042|cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181e5c168","article-title":"Reduced cannabis use after low-dose naltrexone addition to opioid detoxification","volume":"30","author":"Mannelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0043|cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2011.72.507","article-title":"Problem drinking and low-dose naltrexone-assisted opioid detoxification","volume":"72","author":"Mannelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0044|cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2011.644003","article-title":"The combination very low-dose naltrexone-clonidine in the management of opioid withdrawal","volume":"38","author":"Mannelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0045|cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.002","article-title":"Extended release naltrexone injection is performed in the majority of opioid dependent patients receiving outpatient induction: a very low dose naltrexone and buprenorphine open label trial","volume":"138","author":"Mannelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0046|cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.3109\/15563658108990332","article-title":"Clonidine and naloxone for rapid opiate detoxication: comparison between treatments","volume":"18","author":"Masini","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clinical Toxicology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0047|cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12180","article-title":"Baseline characteristics of patients predicting suitability for rapid naltrexone induction","volume":"24","author":"Mogali","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal on Addictions"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0048|cit48","first-page":"173","article-title":"The effect of acupuncture on the acute withdrawal symptoms from rapid opiate detoxification","volume":"40","author":"Montazeri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0049|cit49","first-page":"131","article-title":"Inpatient medically supervised opioid withdrawal, with buprenorphine alone and in combination with naltrexone","volume":"55","author":"Montoya","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0050|cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conte G Scetta G Moscianese K Pozzi G Trazodone versus clonidine in rapid detoxification from opiates. Ninth European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Congress, 1996 Sep 21-25; Amsterdam European College of Neuropsychopharmacology 1996","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-977X(96)83154-3"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0051|cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00125-8","article-title":"Combined use of trazodone-naltrexone versus clonidine-naltrexone in rapid withdrawal from methadone treatment. A comparative inpatient study","volume":"59","author":"Pozzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0052|cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1977214409","article-title":"Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal: a method for rapid induction onto naltrexone","volume":"21","author":"Resnick","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0053|cit53","first-page":"368","article-title":"Very low-dose naltrexone versus placebo in alleviating withdrawal manifestation","volume":"52","author":"Rezaiyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Toxicology"},{"issue":"8177","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0054|cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)91516-0","article-title":"Rapid opiate detoxification with clonidine and naloxone","volume":"5","author":"Riordan","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0055|cit55","first-page":"38","article-title":"Findings from a randomized controlled trial in subjects with opioid dependence","volume":"31","author":"Dean","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0056|cit56","first-page":"S156","article-title":"Comparison of rapid opiate detoxification and naltrexone with methadone maintenance in the treatment of opiate dependence: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"66","author":"Saunders","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0057|cit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(91)90048-F","article-title":"Experience with clonidine-naltrexone for rapid opiate detoxification","volume":"8","author":"Senft","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0058|cit58","first-page":"87","article-title":"The calcium channel antagonist nifedipine causes confusion when used to treat opiate withdrawal in morphine-dependent patients","volume":"7","author":"Silverstone","year":"1992","journal-title":"International Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0059|cit59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.671","article-title":"Long-acting injectable naltrexone induction: a randomized trial of outpatient opioid detoxification with naltrexone vs buprenorphine","volume":"146","author":"Sullivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0060|cit60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1988.tb02576.x","article-title":"Clinical utility of rapid clonidine naltrexone detoxification for opioid abusers","volume":"83","author":"Vining","year":"1988","journal-title":"British Journal of Addiction"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0061|cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005031.pub2","article-title":"Psychosocial and pharmacological treatments versus pharmacological treatments for opioid detoxification","author":"Amato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0062|cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003409.pub4","article-title":"Methadone at tapered doses for the management of opioid withdrawal","author":"Amato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0063|cit63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/09595239996789","article-title":"Rapid opiate detoxification treatments","volume":"18","author":"Bearn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0064|cit64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.20.4.381","article-title":"Effect of inappropriate naltrexone use in a heroin misuser","volume":"20","author":"Boyce","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emergency Medicine Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0065|cit65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00063-0","article-title":"Inpatient opiate detoxification in Geneva: follow-up at 1 and 6 months","volume":"58","author":"Broers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0066|cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004580.pub2","article-title":"Inpatient versus other settings for detoxification for opioid dependence","author":"Day","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0067|cit67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03745.x","article-title":"Opiate withdrawal","volume":"89","author":"Farrell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0068|cit68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.2.347b","article-title":"Heroin withdrawal precipitated by non medical use of naltrexone","volume":"150","author":"Galloway","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0069|cit69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(88)90078-6","article-title":"Clonidine and the treatment of the opiate withdrawal syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Gossop","year":"1988","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0070|cit70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.154.3.348","article-title":"Lapse, relapse and survival among opiate addicts after treatment. A prospective follow-up study","volume":"154","author":"Gossop","year":"1989","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0071|cit71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(90)90036-W","article-title":"The development of a short opiate withdrawal scale (SOWS)","volume":"15","author":"Gossop","year":"1990","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0072|cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002022.pub3","article-title":"Opioid antagonists under heavy sedation or anaesthesia for opioid withdrawal","author":"Gowing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0073|cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12899","article-title":"Global statistics on addictive behaviours: 2014 status report","volume":"110","author":"Gowing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0074|cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002024.pub5","article-title":"Alpha2-adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal","author":"Gowing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0075|cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002025.pub5","article-title":"Buprenorphine for managing opioid withdrawal","author":"Gowing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"7650","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0076|cit76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0077|cit77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0078|cit78","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Green S (editors) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0079|cit79","first-page":"30","article-title":"The treatment of narcotic withdrawal: a historical review","volume":"43","author":"Kleber","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0080|cit80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1300\/J251v02n01_03","article-title":"Detoxification from heroin dependency: an overview of method and effectiveness","volume":"2","author":"Lipton","year":"1983","journal-title":"Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0081|cit81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.94458913.x","article-title":"Serendipitous rapid detoxification from opiates: the importance of time-dependent processes","volume":"94","author":"Mannelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0082|cit82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(00)00162-9","article-title":"The economic costs of heroin addiction in the United States","volume":"61","author":"Mark","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"8994","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0083|cit83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90215-9","article-title":"Are detoxification programmes effective?","volume":"347","author":"Mattick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0084|cit84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001333.pub4","article-title":"Oral naltrexone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence","author":"Minozzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0085|cit85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006749.pub3","article-title":"Detoxification treatments for opiate dependent adolescents","author":"Minozzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0086|cit86","first-page":"1490","article-title":"Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"328","author":"Oxman","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0087|cit87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.149.2.235","article-title":"The influence of psychological factors on the opiate withdrawal syndrome","volume":"149","author":"Phillips","year":"1986","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6-7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0088|cit88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.3109\/10826088509047756","article-title":"Pharmacological advances in addiction treatment","volume":"20","author":"Preston","year":"1985","journal-title":"International Journal of the Addictions"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0089|cit89","unstructured":"The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan) 2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0090|cit90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.5.695","article-title":"Should protracted withdrawal from drugs be included in DSM-IV?","volume":"150","author":"Satel","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0091|cit91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v16n01_07","article-title":"Rapid opioid detoxification using opioid antagonists: history, theory and the state of the art","volume":"16","author":"Simon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Addictive Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0092|cit92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.06.013","article-title":"Management of relapse in naltrexone maintenance for heroin dependence","volume":"91","author":"Sullivan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0093|cit93","first-page":"589","article-title":"Management of opioid intoxication and withdrawal","volume-title":"Principles of Addiction Medicine","author":"Tetrault","year":"2009"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0094|cit94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-81-6-785","article-title":"Narcotic withdrawal syndrome caused by naltrexone","volume":"81","author":"Tornabene","year":"1974","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0095|cit95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230096174","article-title":"Naltrexone in the treatment of heroin dependence: a literature review","volume":"19","author":"Tucker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Review"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0096|cit96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1988.tb03021.x","article-title":"What can long-term follow-up teach us about relapse and prevention of relapse in addiction?","volume":"83","author":"Vaillant","year":"1988","journal-title":"British Journal of Addiction"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0097|cit97","unstructured":"Wells GA Shea B O'Connell D Peterson J Welch V The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0098|cit98","article-title":"Opioid antagonists and adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal","author":"Gowing","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0099|cit99","article-title":"Opioid antagonists with minimal sedation for opioid withdrawal","author":"Gowing","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0100|cit100","article-title":"Opioid antagonists with minimal sedation for opioid withdrawal","author":"Gowing","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4-BIB0101|cit101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd002021.pub3","article-title":"Opioid antagonists with minimal sedation for opioid withdrawal","author":"Gowing","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]],"date-time":"2023-04-16T12:47:29Z","timestamp":1681649249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002021.pub4"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"name":"Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,29]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd002021.pub4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-1858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-1858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,29]]}}}