{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T01:20:28Z","timestamp":1789953628285,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd002069.pub4","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,25]],"date-time":"2016-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456358400000}}],"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com","cochranelibrary.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd002069.pub5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,25]],"date-time":"2016-02-25T15:31:26Z","timestamp":1456414286000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Calcium channel blockers for primary Raynaud's phenomenon"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2016","author":[{"given":"Holly","family":"Ennis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit; OPD Building Level 2 Western General Hospital Edinburgh UK EH4 2XU"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair; Stopford Building Oxford Road Manchester UK M13 9PT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina E","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Liverpool; Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease; Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Biostatistics, Institute of Population Health; Clinical Sciences Building Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust Hospital Stott Lane, Salford Manchester UK M6 8HD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariane L","family":"Herrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair; Stopford Building Oxford Road Manchester UK M13 9PT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0001|cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(84)90101-3","article-title":"Controlled double-blind trial of dazoxiben and nifedipine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"77","author":"Ettinger","year":"1984","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0002|cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(85)90402-4","article-title":"Nifedipine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon. Evidence for inhibition of platelet activation","volume":"78","author":"Malamet","year":"1985","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0003|cit3","first-page":"751","article-title":"Reproducibility of cold provocation in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"14","author":"Wigley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0005|cit4","first-page":"487","article-title":"Nicardipine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"54","author":"Kahan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Revue du Rhumatisme et des Maladies Osteo-Articulaires"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0004|cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1177\/000331978703800407","article-title":"Nicardipine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon: A randomized double-blind trial","volume":"38","author":"Kahan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0006|cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198304143081507","article-title":"Controlled double-blind trial of nifedipine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"308","author":"Rodeheffer","year":"1983","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0007|cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/1358836X0000500302","article-title":"Evaluation of treatment efficacy of Raynaud phenomenon by digital blood pressure response to cooling. Raynaud's Treatment Study Investigators","volume":"5","author":"Maricq","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vascular Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0008|cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013182519331","article-title":"The Raynaud's Treatment Study: biofeedback protocols and acquisition of temperature biofeedback skills","volume":"26","author":"Middaugh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0009|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.8.1101","article-title":"Comparison of sustained-release nifedipine and temperature biofeedback for treatment of primary Raynaud phenomenon. Results from a randomized clinical trial with 1-year follow-up","volume":"160","author":"Raynaud's Treatment Study Investigators","year":"2000","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0010|cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(98)00046-4","article-title":"Behavioral and pharmacologic interventions: the Raynaud's Treatment Study","volume":"20","author":"Thompson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Controlled Clinical Trials"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0011|cit11","first-page":"331","article-title":"Nifedipine in the treatment of idiopathic Raynaud's syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Sarkozi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0012|cit12","first-page":"352","article-title":"Controlled multicenter double-blind trial of nicardipine in the treatment of primary Raynaud phenomenon","volume":"122","author":"Vayssairat","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Heart Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0013|cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199112000-00005","article-title":"Double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study of oral nicardipine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"18","author":"Wollersheim","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0014|cit14","first-page":"153","article-title":"Pilot evaluation of flunarizine in Raynaud's disease: A placebo- controlled, double blind cross-over study","volume":"10","author":"Agnelli","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Therapeutica"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0015|cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/20.6.466","article-title":"Nifedipine in the treatment of Raynaud's syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Aldoori","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cardiovascular Research"},{"issue":"49","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0016|cit16","first-page":"3814","article-title":"The effect of nifedipin (adalat) on Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"145","author":"Baadsgaard","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ugeskrift for Laeger"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0017|cit17","first-page":"767","article-title":"The importance of presynaptic beta receptors in Raynaud's disease","volume":"9","author":"Brotzu","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Vascular Surgery"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0018|cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.2271","article-title":"Vardenafil for the treatment of Raynaud phenomenon: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study","volume":"172","author":"Caglayan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0019|cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00610375","article-title":"Nisoldipine in primary Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"33","author":"Challenor","year":"1987","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0020|cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1988.tb05262.x","article-title":"The effect of nisoldipine on whole blood platelet aggregation in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"25","author":"Francis","year":"1988","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0021|cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1177\/000331978904000207","article-title":"Vibrotactile sensation and response to nifedipine dose titration in primary Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"40","author":"Challenor","year":"1989","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0022|cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-008-1084-9","article-title":"To compare the efficacy and safety of nifedipine sustained release with Ginkgo biloba extract to treat patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon in South Korea; Korean Raynaud study (KOARA study)","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Rheumatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0023|cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/000331978904000206","article-title":"Controlled comparison of ketanserin and nifedipine in Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"40","author":"Codella","year":"1989","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0024|cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/40.9.1038","article-title":"Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine","volume":"40","author":"Coleiro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0025|cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a062040","article-title":"A randomized double blind cross-over trial of nifedipine in the treatment of primary Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"7","author":"Corbin","year":"1986","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0026|cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbin DOC Wood DA Macintyre CCA Housley El A randomised double blind cross-over trial of nifedipine in the treatment of primary Raynaud's phenomenon [abstract] Clinical Science 1985 21P","DOI":"10.1042\/cs069021Pa"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0027|cit27","first-page":"359","article-title":"Slow release nifedipine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"6","author":"Costantini","year":"1987","journal-title":"International Angiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0028|cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(84)90627-6","article-title":"Nifedipine-induced fingertip vasodilation in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"108","author":"Creager","year":"1984","journal-title":"American Heart Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0029|cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2011.04.004","article-title":"The effect of metoprolol alone and combined metoprolol-felodipin on the digital microcirculation of patients with primary Raynaud's syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Csiki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microvascular Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0030|cit30","first-page":"858","article-title":"Inefficacy of diltiazem in the treatment of Raynaud's Phenomenon with associated connective tissue disease: a double blind placebo controlled study","volume":"14","author":"Costa","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0031|cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/38.4.309","article-title":"Probucol improves symptoms and reduces lipoprotein oxidation susceptibility in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"38","author":"Denton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0032|cit32","first-page":"34","article-title":"Assessment of pinacidil in patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"34","author":"Dompeling","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vasa Supplementum"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0033|cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2646","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199912)42:12<2646::AID-ANR21>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Losartan therapy for Raynaud's phenomenon and scleroderma: clinical and biochemical findings in a fifteen-week, randomized, parallel-group, controlled trial","volume":"42","author":"Dziadzio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0034|cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02207089","article-title":"Slow-releasing nicardipine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomena without underlying diseases","volume":"11","author":"Ferri","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clinical Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0036|cit35","unstructured":"Finch MB Johnston GD Dawson J The peripheral vascular effects of nifedipine in Raynaud's disease British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1985 100P 1P"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0035|cit36","unstructured":"Finch MB Johnston GD Dawson J The peripheral vascular effects of nifedipine in Raynaud's disease associated with scleroderma: a double blind crossover study Clinical Rheumatology 1986 493 8"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0037|cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02239193","article-title":"A double-blind cross-over study of nifedipine retard in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"7","author":"Finch","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clinical Rheumatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0038|cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem300","article-title":"Cold stimulus fingertip lacticemy test - an effective method to monitor acute therapeutic intervention on primary Raynaud's phenomenon and systemic sclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Fontenelle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford, England)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0039|cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(86)90109-2","article-title":"Controlled double-blind trial of the clinical effect of nifedipine in the treatment of idiopathic Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"111","author":"Gjorup","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Heart Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0040|cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00613511","article-title":"Controlled double blind trial of nisoldipine in the treatment of idiopathic Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"31","author":"Gjorup","year":"1986","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0041|cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-198705000-00018","article-title":"Acute effects of sublingual nifedipine in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"9","author":"Gush","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0042|cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00541510","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory effects of nifedipine in Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"6","author":"Hawkins","year":"1986","journal-title":"Rheumatology International"},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0043|cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-94-4-546_1","article-title":"Nifedipine and Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"94","author":"Kahan","year":"1981","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0044|cit44","first-page":"221","article-title":"Nifedipine and Raynaud's phenomenon associated with connective tissue diseases","volume":"4","author":"Kahan","year":"1985","journal-title":"International Angiology"},{"issue":"Suppl C","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0045|cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/4.suppl_C.123","article-title":"Calcium entry blocking agents in digital vasospasm (Raynaud's phenomenon)","volume":"4","author":"Kahan","year":"1983","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0046|cit46","first-page":"337","article-title":"Controlled study of nifedipine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"49","author":"Kahan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Revue du Rhumatisme et des Maladies Osteo-Articulaires"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0047|cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198305053081820","article-title":"Nifedipine in the treatment of migraine in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"308","author":"Kahan","year":"1983","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0048|cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.44.1.30","article-title":"A randomised double-blind trial of diltiazem in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"44","author":"Kahan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0049|cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a061923","article-title":"Nifedipine and alpha1-adrenergic blockade in Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"6","author":"Kahan","year":"1985","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0050|cit50","unstructured":"Kahan A Amor B Menkes CJ Weber S Guerin F Degeorges M Controlled double-blind trial of nicardipine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1986 202"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0051|cit51","first-page":"284","article-title":"Nifedipine in Raynaud's phenomenon: Relationship between immediate, short term and longterm effects","volume":"14","author":"Kallenberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0052|cit52","first-page":"68","article-title":"Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon with nifedipine short-term and long-term effects","volume":"18","author":"Kallenberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vasa Supplementum"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0053|cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/32.6.524-a","article-title":"Amlodipine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"32","author":"Civita","year":"1993","journal-title":"British Journal of Rheumatology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0054|cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-199700131-00022","article-title":"Amlodipine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon. A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study","volume":"13","author":"Civita","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clinical Drug Investigation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0055|cit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.55.5.331-b","article-title":"Effect of isradipine on endothelin-1 plasma concentrations in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon [letter]","volume":"55","author":"Civita","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0056|cit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket417","article-title":"Head-to-head comparison of udenafil vs amlodipine in the treatment of secondary raynaud's phenomenon: A double-blind, randomized, cross-over study","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford, England)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0057|cit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01858110","article-title":"The effect of isradipine, a new calcium-channel antagonist, in patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon: A single-blind dose-response study","volume":"3","author":"Leppert","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cardiovascular Drugs Therapy"},{"issue":"Suppl K","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0058|cit58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/8.suppl_K.83","article-title":"Nifedipine in patients with Raynaud's syndrome - effects on radial artery flow","volume":"8","author":"Lewis","year":"1987","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0059|cit59","first-page":"327","article-title":"Usefulness of photoplethysmography and indexes of digital pressure in Raynaud phenomenon","volume":"113","author":"Martinez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Medicina Clinica"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0060|cit60","unstructured":"Mascagni B Sardina M Alvino S Berruti V Bazzi S Scorza R Effects of iloprost in comparison to nifedipine in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to progressive systemic sclerosis International Angiology 1994 81"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0061|cit61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-821X(87)80034-8","article-title":"Digital and radial artery blood flow in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon in response to nifedipine","volume":"1","author":"Morgan","year":"1987","journal-title":"European Journal of Vascular Surgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0062|cit62","first-page":"526","article-title":"Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon with piracetam","volume":"43","author":"Moriau","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arzneimittel-Forschung"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0063|cit63","unstructured":"Diehm C M\u00fcller-B\u00fchl U M\u00f6rl H Schettler G Calcium antagonists in Raynaud's phenomenon Zeitschrift fur Kardiologie 1982 Abstract 86"},{"issue":"47","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0064|cit64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1069828","article-title":"Calcium antagonists for the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"108","author":"M\u00fcller-B\u00fchl","year":"1983","journal-title":"Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0065|cit65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1987.tb01245.x","article-title":"The effect of the calcium-entry blocker nifedipine on cold-induced digital vasospasm. A double-blind crossover study versus placebo","volume":"221","author":"Nilsson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Medica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0066|cit66","first-page":"213","article-title":"DIAS Rounds. Nifedipine and prazosin in Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"18","author":"Pisenti","year":"1984","journal-title":"Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0067|cit67","first-page":"121","article-title":"Nifedipine treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon: a double blind controlled clinical study","volume":"13","author":"Rivera Redondo","year":"1986","journal-title":"Revista Espanola de Reumatologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0068|cit68","first-page":"724","article-title":"A double blind placebo controlled crossover randomized trial of diltiazem in Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"12","author":"Rhedda","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0069|cit69","first-page":"745","article-title":"Nicardipine for the treatment of Raynaud's phenomena: A double blind crossover trial of a new calcium entry blocker","volume":"14","author":"Rupp","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0070|cit70","first-page":"362","article-title":"Effect of the calcium channel blocker nifedipine on Raynaud's Phenomenon. A controlled double blind trial","volume":"11","author":"Sauza","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0071|cit71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00558230","article-title":"The clinical effect of felodipine and nifedipine in Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"37","author":"Schmidt","year":"1989","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0072|cit72","first-page":"503","article-title":"Effects of long-term cyclic iloprost therapy in systemic sclerosis with Raynaud's phenomenon. A randomized, controlled study","volume":"19","author":"Scorza","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0073|cit73","first-page":"89","article-title":"Treatment of Raynaud's syndrome with calcium entry blockers","volume":"59","author":"Shcherbakov","year":"1987","journal-title":"Terapevticheskii Arkhiv"},{"issue":"8311","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0074|cit74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)91508-2","article-title":"Controlled trial of nifedipine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"2","author":"Smith","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0075|cit75","first-page":"Abstract 282","article-title":"Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon with nifedipine","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"1982","journal-title":"Annals of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0076|cit76","first-page":"1155","article-title":"Pentoxifylline\/placebo\/nifedipine in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon: influence on frequency of attacks and rewarming time","volume":"64","author":"Stefenelli","year":"1986","journal-title":"Klinische Wochenschrift"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0077|cit77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-198801000-00011","article-title":"Intravenous nicardipine in Raynaud's phenomenon: A controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Heereveld","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0078|cit78","first-page":"77","article-title":"[Comparative study of misoprostol and nifedipine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to systemic diseases. Hemodynamic assessment with Doppler duplex]","volume":"197","author":"Varela-Aguilar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Revista Clinica Espanola"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0079|cit79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francis DA Waller DG Challenor VF Roath OS Red cell deformability in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon treated with nifedipine Clinical Hemorheology 1985 742","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-1985-5516"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0080|cit80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1986.tb02916.x","article-title":"Clinical and rheological effects of nifedipine in Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"22","author":"Waller","year":"1986","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0081|cit81","unstructured":"Wasir HS Singh G Kaul R Sachdeva U Khan WA Chhina GS A comparative study of trifluoperazine a calmodulin inhibitor, nifedipine, dipyridamole and intraarterial reserpine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon: A double blind randomised controlled trial Indian Heart Journal 1983 306"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0082|cit82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199005000-00023","article-title":"Effects of low-dose nifedipine on a cold provocation test in patients with Raynaud's disease","volume":"15","author":"Weber","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0083|cit83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90817-X","article-title":"Objective benefit of nifedipine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"80","author":"White","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0084|cit84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780300306","article-title":"Nicardipine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon. Dissociation of platelet activation from vasospasm","volume":"30","author":"Wigley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatism"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0085|cit85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780261001","article-title":"Nifedipine as a therapeutic modality for Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"26","author":"Winston","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0086|cit86","first-page":"278","article-title":"Acute effects of nifedipine on digital blood flow in human subjects with Raynaud's phenomenon: a double blind placebo controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Wise","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0087|cit87","first-page":"A16","article-title":"Acute and chronic effects of nifedipine in Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"16","author":"Wollersheim","year":"1986","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0088|cit88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1987.tb05587.x","article-title":"Nifedipine in primary Raynaud's phenomenon and in scleroderma: oral versus sublingual hemodynamic effects","volume":"27","author":"Wollersheim","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0089|cit89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-193202000-00004","article-title":"Raynaud's disease: a critical review of minimal requisites for diagnosis","volume":"183","author":"Allen","year":"1932","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Science"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0090|cit90","unstructured":"ATC 2013 Anatomical Therapeutical Chemical Classification WHO. http:\/\/www.whocc.no\/atcddd (accessed 21 February 2013)"},{"issue":"9273","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0091|cit91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)05118-7","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"357","author":"Block","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0092|cit92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2646","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199912)42:12<2646::AID-ANR21>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Losartan therapy for Raynaud's phenomenon and scleroderma: clinical and biochemical findings in a fifteen-week, randomized, parallel-group, controlled trial","volume":"42","author":"Dziadzio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0093|cit93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140\u20139","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.1.140","article-title":"Meta-analyses involving cross-over trials: methodological issues","volume":"31","author":"Elbourne","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0094|cit94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7454.1490","article-title":"Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"328","author":"GRADE Working Group","year":"2004","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"issue":"7651","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0095|cit95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39490.551019.BE","article-title":"What is 'quality of evidence' and why is it so important to clinicians?","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"issue":"7650","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0096|cit96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0097|cit97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000956","article-title":"Prazosin for Raynaud's phenomenon in progressive systemic sclerosis","author":"Harding","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0098|cit98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh552","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"44","author":"Herrick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"7414","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0099|cit99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0100|cit100","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Green S (editors) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0101|cit101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21912","article-title":"Transition from primary Raynaud's phenomenon to secondary Raynaud's phenomenon identified by diagnosis of an associated disease; results of ten years of prospective surveillance","volume":"54","author":"Hirschl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatism"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0102|cit102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev002","article-title":"Prediction and impact of attacks of Raynaud's phenomenon, as judged by patient perception","volume":"54","author":"Hughes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford, England)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0103|cit103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3902","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24038","article-title":"Autoantibodies and microvascular damage are independent predictive factors for the progression of Raynaud's phenomenon to systemic sclerosis: a twenty year prospective study of 586 patients, with validation of proposed criteria for early systemic sclerosis","volume":"58","author":"Koenig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatism"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0104|cit104","first-page":"458","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon: a proposal for classification","volume":"10","author":"LeRoy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0105|cit105","first-page":"454","article-title":"Diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon assisted by colour charts","volume":"15","author":"Maricq","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0106|cit106","first-page":"879","article-title":"Geographic variation in the prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon: a 5 region comparison","volume":"24","author":"Maricq","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0107|cit107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10486","article-title":"Measuring disease activity and functional status in patients with scleroderma and Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"46","author":"Merkel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatism"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0108|cit108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(87)90760-1","article-title":"How to classify Raynaud's phenomenon. Long-term follow up study of 73 cases","volume":"83","author":"Priollet","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0109|cit109","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0110|cit110","unstructured":"The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan) 2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0111|cit111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200602-197ST","article-title":"An official ATS statement: grading the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in ATS guidelines and recommendations","volume":"174","author":"Schunemann","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"6752","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0112|cit112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6752.590","article-title":"Prevalence of symptoms of Raynaud's phenomenon in general practice","volume":"301","author":"Silman","year":"1990","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0113|cit113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-199811000-00013","article-title":"Rational use of calcium-channel antagonists in Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"10","author":"Sturgill","year":"1998","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Rheumatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0114|cit114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20988","article-title":"The incidence and natural history of Raynaud's phenomenon in the community","volume":"52","author":"Suter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0115|cit115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh390","article-title":"Calcium channel blockers for primary Raynaud's phenomenon: a meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Thompson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0116|cit116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp013013","article-title":"Clinical practice Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"347","author":"Wigley FM. Raynaud's","year":"2002","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5-BIB0117|cit117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub4","article-title":"Calcium channel blockers for primary Raynaud's phenomenon","author":"Ennis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T14:27:30Z","timestamp":1748788050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002069.pub5"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"name":"Cochrane Vascular Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,25]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd002069.pub5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-1858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-1858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,25]]}}}