{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T20:42:58Z","timestamp":1770410578449,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"Chichester, UK","reference-count":86,"publisher":"John Wiley & Sons, Ltd","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd002111.pub2","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,18]],"date-time":"2006-07-18T20:38:24Z","timestamp":1153255104000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Biofeedback and\/or sphincter exercises for the treatment of faecal incontinence in adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Christine C","family":"Norton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"June D","family":"Cody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Hosker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB1|cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.02119.x","article-title":"Adjuvant biofeedback following anal sphincter repair: a randomized study","volume":"20","author":"Davis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB2|cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236930","article-title":"A prospective, randomized study comparing the effect of augmented biofeedback with sensory biofeedback alone on fecal incontinence after obstetric trauma","volume":"42","author":"Fynes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon & Rectum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB3|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-1318.2000.0136a.x","article-title":"A prospective randomized trial comparing four biofeedback techniques for patients with faecal incontinence","volume":"2","author":"Heymen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Colorectal Disease"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB4|cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2004.00611.x","article-title":"A randomized-controlled trial comparing an educational intervention alone vs education and biofeedback in the management of faecal incontinence in women","volume":"17","author":"Ilnyckyj","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterology & Motility"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB5|cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00998975","article-title":"A components analysis of biofeedback in the treatment of fecal incontinence","volume":"9","author":"Latimer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biofeedback and Self-Regulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB6|cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.10.040","article-title":"Prospective randomized comparison of intra-anal electromyographic biofeedback and intra-anal electromyographic biofeedback augmented with electrical stimulation of the anal sphincter. [Miscellaneous]","volume":"189","author":"Mahony","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB7|cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.07.006","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of intra-anal electromyographic biofeedback physiotherapy with intra-anal electromyographic biofeedback augmented with electrical stimulation of the anal sphincter in the early treatment of postpartum fecal incontinence","volume":"191","author":"Mahony","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB8|cit8","unstructured":"Diamant NE personal communication 1999"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB9|cit9","first-page":"1545","article-title":"Faecal incontinence: a controlled trial of biofeedback","volume":"90","author":"McHugh","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB10|cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01536422","article-title":"Investigation of mode of action of biofeedback in treatment of fecal incontinence","volume":"35","author":"Miner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases & Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB11|cit11","first-page":"295","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of biofeedback for faecal incontinence (Abstract)","volume":"21","author":"Norton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB12|cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastro.2003.09.039","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of biofeedback for fecal incontinence.[see comment]","volume":"125","author":"Norton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB13|cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6643-9","article-title":"Randomized, controlled trial of biofeedback with anal manometry, transanal ultrasound, or pelvic floor retraining with digital guidance alone in the treatment of mild to moderate fecal incontinence","volume":"46","author":"Solomon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon & Rectum"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB15|cit14","unstructured":"Whitehead WE personal communication 1999"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB14|cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1985.tb07130.x","article-title":"Biofeedback treatment of fecal incontinence in geriatric patients","volume":"33","author":"Whitehead","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB16|cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2003.51108.x","article-title":"The effects of an exercise and incontinence intervention on skin health outcomes in nursing home residents","volume":"51","author":"Bates-Jensen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB17|cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6444-1","article-title":"Assessment of quality of life in the treatment of patients with neuropathic fecal incontinence","volume":"45","author":"Byrne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon & Rectum"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB18|cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/21.5.659","article-title":"Additive benefits of laxative, toilet training, and biofeedback therapies in the treatment of childhood encopresis","volume":"21","author":"Cox","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB19|cit19","unstructured":"Cox DJ Lucas V Ritterband LM Borowitz S Sutphen J Kovatchev B Internet-based treatment of early childhood fecal incontinence metaRegister of Controlled Trials 2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB20|cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280504400108","article-title":"Assessment of the effectiveness of biofeedback in children with dyssynergic defecation and recalcitrant constipation\/encopresis: does home biofeedback improve long-term outcomes","volume":"44","author":"Croffie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clinical Pediatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB21|cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-821247","article-title":"[The effect of the pelvic floor training device Epi-No on the maternal pelvic floor function six months after childbirth - follow-up study of a randomised controlled trial]","volume":"64","author":"Dannecker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB22|cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02049311","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of biofeedback training for faecal incontinence","volume":"37","author":"Enck","year":"1994","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon & Rectum"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB23|cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215503cr655oa","article-title":"A study on additional early physiotherapy after stroke and factors affecting functional recovery","volume":"17","author":"Fang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"7487","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB24|cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38320.613461.82","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of conservative management of postnatal urinary and faecal incontinence: six year follow up","volume":"330","author":"Glazener","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB25|cit25","unstructured":"Gouldthorpe H QA physiotherapy abdominal muscle assessment during and after pregnancy: Part 4 (Abstract) Australian and New Zealand Continence Journal YR:2003 92 17166"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB26|cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000144684.46826.62","article-title":"Treatment of constipation and fecal incontinence in stroke patients: randomized controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Harari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB27|cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02076184","article-title":"Optimization of sphincter function after the ileoanal reservoir procedure","volume":"37","author":"Jorge","year":"1994","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon & Rectum"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB28|cit28","series-title":"Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 33rd Annual Meeting, 5-9 Oct, Florence","first-page":"176","article-title":"Results of behavioral therapy combined with homeflow biofeedback for non-neuropathic bladder sphincter dysfunction, a prospective randomized study in 143 patients (Abstract)","author":"Klijn","year":"2003"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB29|cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000186281.09475.db","article-title":"Efficacy of sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence: results of a multicenter double-blind crossover study","volume":"242","author":"Leroi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annals of Surgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB30|cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1988.tb14640.x","article-title":"Biofeedback training for patients with myelomeningocele and faecal incontinence","volume":"30","author":"Loening-Baucke","year":"1988","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB31|cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1159\/000171245","article-title":"Biofeedback therapy for faecal incontinence","volume":"8","author":"Loening-Baucke","year":"1990","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB32|cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.31.12.1395","article-title":"Efficacy of biofeedback training in improving faecal incontinence and anorectal physiologic function","volume":"31","author":"Loening-Baucke","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB33|cit33","first-page":"105","article-title":"Biofeedback treatment for chronic constipation and encopresis in childhood: long-term outcome","volume":"96","author":"Loening-Baucke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB34|cit34","unstructured":"Mathew R A phase III, multicentre, single blind, randomised controlled trial in the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy versus biofeedback therapy in patients with chronic faecal incontinence associated with pudendal neuropathy metaRegister of Controlled Trials 2004"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB35|cit35","series-title":"Proceedings of the 35th Annual International Continence Society (ICS), 28 Aug - 2 Sept, Montreal","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of anal electrical stimulation for faecal incontinence (Abstract number 474)","author":"Norton","year":"2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB36|cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-005-0251-1","article-title":"Randomized, controlled trial of anal electrical stimulation for fecal incontinence","volume":"49","author":"Norton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon & Rectum"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB37|cit37","volume-title":"A prospective randomised controlled clinical trial of placement of the artificial bowel sphincter (Acticon)","author":"O'Brien","year":"2005"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB38|cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0717-6","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial of placement of the artificial bowel sphincter (Acticon Neosphincter) for the control of fecal incontinence","volume":"47","author":"O'Brien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon & Rectum"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB39|cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01648358","article-title":"Does balloon dilatation and anal sphincter training improve ileo- anal pouch function?","volume":"3","author":"Oresland","year":"1988","journal-title":"International Journal of Colorectal Disaese"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB40|cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4577","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial comparing conservative and surgical treatment of neurogenic faecal incontinence","volume":"91","author":"Osterberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB41|cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6350-6","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of pelvic floor exercise and biofeedback treatment for patients with fecal incontinence","volume":"45","author":"Pager","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon & Rectum"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB42|cit42","first-page":"77","article-title":"Augmented biofeedback and sensory biofeedback in faecal incontinence: a pilot study (Abstract)","volume":"9","author":"Powell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Continence Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB43|cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.5.910","article-title":"An Internet intervention as adjunctive therapy for pediatric encopresis","volume":"71","author":"Ritterband","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB44|cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50401.x","article-title":"Translating clinical research into practice: a randomized controlled trial of exercise and incontinence care with nursing home residents.[comment]","volume":"50","author":"Schnelle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB45|cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2003.51053.x","article-title":"Does an exercise and incontinence intervention save healthcare costs in a nursing home population?[comment]","volume":"51","author":"Schnelle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB46|cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/45.3.318","article-title":"Resident and family satisfaction with incontinence and mobility care: sensitivity to intervention effects?","volume":"45","author":"Simmons","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB47|cit47","first-page":"116","article-title":"Effects of an exercise and scheduled-toileting intervention on appetite and constipation in nursing home residents","volume":"8","author":"Simmons","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging"},{"issue":"Suppl May","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB48|cit48","first-page":"A56","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of biofeedback (manometry vs transanal US) compared with pelvic floor exercises for faecal incontinence (Abstract)","volume":"70","author":"Solomon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB49|cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02238015","article-title":"Biofeedback for fecal incontinence using transanal ultrasonography: novel approach","volume":"43","author":"Solomon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon & Rectum"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB50|cit50","first-page":"976","article-title":"[Passive electrostimulation therapy of the anal sphincter is inferior to active biofeedback training]. [German]","volume":"115","author":"Surh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Langenbecks Archiv fur Chirurgie - Supplement - Kongressband"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB51|cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1191\/026921598672873816","article-title":"Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on Barthel Activities of Daily Living (ADL) index score following stroke","volume":"12","author":"Tekeoglu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clinical Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"9030","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB52|cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)03206-0","article-title":"Biofeedback training in treatment of childhood constipation: a randomised controlled study","volume":"348","author":"Plas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB53|cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.75.5.367","article-title":"Randomised trial of biofeedback training for encopresis","volume":"75","author":"Plas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB54|cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198405173102003","article-title":"Anorectal sensorimotor dysfunction in faecal incontinence in diabetes mellitus","volume":"310","author":"Wald","year":"1984","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB55|cit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-198707000-00011","article-title":"Evaluation of biofeedback in childhood encopresis","volume":"6","author":"Wald","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB56|cit56","first-page":"218","article-title":"Treatment of fecal incontinence in children with spina bifida: comparison of biofeedback and behavior modification","volume":"67","author":"Whitehead","year":"1986","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB57|cit57","unstructured":"Anonymous A randomised controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of specific muscle rehabilitation in people with faecal incontinence Australia: National Continence Management Strategy, Department of Health and Ageing, Australian Government 2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB58|cit58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001757","article-title":"Surgery for faecal incontinence in adults","author":"Bachoo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB59|cit59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116","article-title":"Drug treatment for faecal incontinence in adults","author":"Cheetham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB60|cit60","unstructured":"Diamant NE personal communication 1999"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB61|cit61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197403212901202","article-title":"Operant conditioning of rectosphincteric responses in the treatment of faecal incontinence","volume":"290","author":"Engel","year":"1974","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB62|cit62","article-title":"Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women","author":"Hay-Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB63|cit63","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Green S Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 4.2.5 [updated May 2005] www.cochrane.org\/resources\/handbook\/hbook.htm"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB64|cit64","first-page":"33","article-title":"Epidemiology of faecal incontinence: the silent affliction","volume":"91","author":"Johanson","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB65|cit65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(48)90266-X","article-title":"Progressive resistance exercise in the functional restoration of the perineal muscles","volume":"56","author":"Kegel","year":"1948","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB66|cit66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-3715-3","volume-title":"Therapetic management of incontinence and pelvic pain","author":"Laycock","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB67|cit67","first-page":"1565","article-title":"Surgery for fecal incontinence","volume-title":"Incontinence: 3rd International Consultation on Incontinence","author":"Madoff","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB68|cit68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2001.01039.x","article-title":"Anal sphincter biofeedback and pelvic floor exercises for faecal incontinence in adults - a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Norton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB69|cit69","volume-title":"Bowel Continence Nursing","author":"Norton","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB70|cit70","first-page":"1521","article-title":"Conservative and pharmacological management of faecal incontinence in adults","volume-title":"Incontinence","author":"Norton","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB71|cit71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.50.4.480","article-title":"The prevalence of faecal incontinence in adults aged 40 years or more living in the community","volume":"50","author":"Perry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB72|cit72","volume-title":"Bowel care in older people","author":"Potter","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB73|cit73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236199","article-title":"Patient and surgeon ranking of the severity of symptoms associated with fecal incontinence: the fecal incontinence severity index","volume":"42","author":"Rockwood","year":"1999","journal-title":"Disease of the Colon and Rectum"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB74|cit74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02237236","article-title":"Fecal incontinence quality of life scale","volume":"43","author":"Rockwood","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon and Rectum"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB75|cit75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520290060030","article-title":"Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials","volume":"273","author":"Schulz","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"Suppl 11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB76|cit76","first-page":"1143","article-title":"Functional bowel disorders and functional abdominal pain","volume":"45","author":"Thompson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB77|cit77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.01931.x","article-title":"Review article: recent trends in diagnosis and treatment of faecal incontinence","volume":"19","author":"Tuteja","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacol Therapy"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB78|cit78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02054687","article-title":"Biofeedback treatment is ineffective in neurogenic fecal incontinence","volume":"39","author":"Tets","year":"1996","journal-title":"Disease of the Colon and Rectum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB79|cit79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288809164105","article-title":"The Barthel ADL Index: a standard measure of physical disability?","volume":"10","author":"Wade","year":"1988","journal-title":"International Disability Studies"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB80|cit80","volume-title":"SF-36 Health Survey Manual and Interpretation Guide","author":"Ware","year":"1993"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB81|cit81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197703312961304","article-title":"Foundations of cost-effectiveness analysis for health and medical practices","volume":"296","author":"Weinstein","year":"1977","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB82|cit82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02599.x","article-title":"External anal sphincter response to rectal distension: learned response or reflex","volume":"19","author":"Whitehead","year":"1981","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB83|cit83","unstructured":"Whitehead WE personal communication 1999"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB84|cit84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234835","article-title":"Treatment options for fecal incontinence: consensus conference report","volume":"44","author":"Whitehead","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon and Rectum"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB85|cit85","first-page":"5","article-title":"Adult conservative management","volume-title":"Incontinence: 3rd International Consultation on Incontinence","author":"Wilson","year":"2005"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2-BIB86|cit86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale","volume":"67","author":"Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd002111.pub3","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,11]],"date-time":"2012-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341964800000}}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/cdsr\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2\/epdf\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T21:09:29Z","timestamp":1628543369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Christine C","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,19]]},"references-count":86,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd002111.pub2","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub3","asserted-by":"object"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,19]]}}}