{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T22:47:28Z","timestamp":1767134848535,"version":"build-2238731810"},"publisher-location":"Chichester, UK","reference-count":64,"publisher":"John Wiley & Sons, Ltd","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd002116","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,20]],"date-time":"2003-11-20T22:33:39Z","timestamp":1069367619000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Drug treatment for faecal incontinence in adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Mark J","family":"Cheetham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Brazzelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine C","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cathryn MA","family":"Glazener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB1|cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.2000.01306.x","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of topical phenylephrine in the treatment of faecal incontinence","volume":"87","author":"Carapeti","year":"2000","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB2|cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236550","article-title":"Randomized, controlled trial of topical phenylephrine for fecal incontinence in patients after ileoanal pouch construction","volume":"43","author":"Carapeti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon and Rectum"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB3|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/29.2.159","article-title":"Does treatment of constipation improve faecal incontinence in institutionalized elderly patients?","volume":"29","author":"Chassagne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Age and Ageing"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB4|cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.3.356","article-title":"Topical phenylephrine increases anal canal resting pressure in patients with faecal incontinence","volume":"48","author":"Cheetham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB5|cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-1318.2001.00204.x","article-title":"A comparison of the effect of loperamide in oral or suppository form vs placebo in patients with ileo-anal pouches","volume":"3","author":"Cohen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Colorectal Disease"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB6|cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-005-2900-6","article-title":"The effects of loperamide on continence problems and anorectal function in obese subjects taking orlistat","volume":"50","author":"Fox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases & Sciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB7|cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02087698","article-title":"Loperamide improves anal sphincter function and continence after restorative proctocoloectomy","volume":"39","author":"Hallgren","year":"1994","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases and Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB8|cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(80)90853-7","article-title":"Acute effect of diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil) in patients with chronic diarrhoea and faecal incontinence","volume":"78","author":"Harford","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB9|cit9","first-page":"311","article-title":"Usefulness of valproate sodium for the treatment of incontinence after ileoanal anastomosis","volume":"107","author":"Kusunoki","year":"1990","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"Suppl 1-12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB10|cit10","first-page":"A924","article-title":"Effect of loperamide, codeine phosphate and diphenoxylate on urgency and incontinence in chronic diarrhoea (abstract)","volume":"21","author":"Corbett","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB11|cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(80)90924-5","article-title":"Double-blind cross-over study comparing loperamide, codeine and diphenoxylate in the treatment of chonic diarrhoea","volume":"79","author":"Palmer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB12|cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01391374","article-title":"Effects of loperamide on anal sphincter function in patients complaining of chronic diarrhoea with faecal incontinence and urgency","volume":"27","author":"Read","year":"1982","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases and Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB13|cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1185\/03007997409114767","article-title":"The reduction of faecal incontinence by the use of 'Duphalac' in geriatric patients","volume":"2","author":"Ryan","year":"1974","journal-title":"Current Medical Research and Opinion"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB14|cit14","first-page":"50","article-title":"Geriatric faecal incontinence. A drug trial conducted by nurses","volume":"140","author":"Wilson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Nursing Mirror & Midwives Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB15|cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529709025060","article-title":"Effects of loperamide oxide on gastrointestinal transit time and anorectal function in patients with chronic diarrhoea and faecal incontinence","volume":"32","author":"Sun","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB16|cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200107000-00004","article-title":"Supplementation with dietary fiber improves fecal incontinence","volume":"50","author":"Bliss","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nursing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB17|cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.06.004","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of transanal irrigation versus conservative bowel management in spinal cord-injured patients","volume":"131","author":"Christensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB18|cit18","first-page":"594","article-title":"Treatment of faecal incontinence and constipation in patients with spinal cord injury - a prospective, randomised, controlled, multicentre trial of transanal irrigation vs conservative bowel management (Abstract)","volume":"25","author":"Christensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB19|cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528909089250","article-title":"The effect of loperamide on bowel habits and anal sphincter function in patients with ileoanal anastomosis","volume":"24","author":"Emblem","year":"1989","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"Jun","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB20|cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-195906000-00008","article-title":"The effect of various therapies upon fecal incontinence in chronic schizophrenic patients","volume":"128","author":"Freedman","year":"1959","journal-title":"Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB21|cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000144684.46826.62","article-title":"Treatment of constipation and fecal incontinence in stroke patients: randomized controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Harari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB23|cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.118.3.223","article-title":"The clinical effect of norethandrolone on incontinent mental patients. Action induced by non-verbal communication","volume":"118","author":"Santos","year":"1961","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB22|cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos L Gross M The clinical effect of norethandrolone on incontinent mental patients action induced by non-verbal communication Clinical Notes 1962 223 6","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.118.3.223"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB24|cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.20131","article-title":"Community-based recruitment and enrolment for a clinical trial on the sensitive issue of fecal incontinence: the Fiber study","volume":"29","author":"Whitebird","year":"2006","journal-title":"Research in Nursing & Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB25|cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02104450","article-title":"Excision of the rectum with colonic J pouch-anal anastomosis for adenocarcinoma of the low and mid rectum","volume":"16","author":"Berger","year":"1992","journal-title":"World Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB26|cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001406","article-title":"Absorbent products for containing urinary and\/or faecal incontinence in adults","author":"Brazzelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB27|cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001758","article-title":"Surgery for complete rectal prolapse in adults","author":"Brazzelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB28|cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001757.pub2","article-title":"Surgery for faecal incontinence in adults","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB29|cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002115.pub3","article-title":"Management of faecal incontinence and constipation in adults with central neurological diseases","author":"Coggrave","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB30|cit30","unstructured":"Deeks JJ Higgins JPT Altman DG editor(s). In: Higgins JPT Green S Analysing and presenting results. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 4.2.5 [updated May 2005]; Section 8 www.cochrane.org\/resources\/handbook\/hbook.htm"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB31|cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02235358","article-title":"Long-term functional outcome after low anterior resection: comparison of low colorectal anastomosis and colonic J-pouch-anal anastomosis","volume":"41","author":"Dehni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon and Rectum"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB32|cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.6.857","article-title":"Progressive systemic sclerosis of the internal anal sphincter leading to passive faecal incontinence","volume":"35","author":"Engel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB33|cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199410010-00004","article-title":"Adverse effects of drugs used in the management of constipation and diarrhoea","volume":"10","author":"Gattuso","year":"1994","journal-title":"Drug Safety"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB34|cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1998.00860.x","article-title":"Effects of loperamide on ileoanal pouch function","volume":"85","author":"Herbst","year":"1998","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB35|cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001310.pub2","article-title":"Electrical stimulation for the treatment of faecal incontinence in adults","author":"Hosker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB36|cit36","first-page":"33","article-title":"Epidemiology of faecal incontinence: the silent affliction","volume":"91","author":"Johanson","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8924","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB37|cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92213-6","article-title":"Obstetric damage and faecal incontinence","volume":"344","author":"Kamm","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB38|cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1998.tb09978.x","article-title":"Prevalence of faecal incontinence among women with urinary incontinence","volume":"105","author":"Khullar","year":"1998","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB39|cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01889235","article-title":"Anal endosonography: technique and normal anatomy","volume":"14","author":"Law","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastrointestinal Radiology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB40|cit40","first-page":"1565","article-title":"Surgery for fecal incontinence","volume-title":"Incontinence: 3rd International Consultation on Incontinence","author":"Madoff","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB41|cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004464.pub2","article-title":"Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence and constipation in adults","author":"Mowatt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB42|cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02258218","article-title":"Fecal incontinence in Wisconsin nursing homes: prevalence and associations","volume":"41","author":"Nelson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon and Rectum"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB43|cit43","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence UK Faecal Incontinence: the management of faecal incontinence in adults NICE Clinical Guideline Reference Number CG49. http:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/CG49."},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB44|cit44","volume-title":"Bowel Continence Nursing","author":"Norton","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB45|cit45","first-page":"1521","article-title":"Conservative and pharmacological management of faecal incontinence in adults","volume-title":"Incontinence","author":"Norton","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB46|cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub2","article-title":"Biofeedback and\/or sphincter exercises for the treatment of faecal incontinence in adults","author":"Norton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"6130","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB47|cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6130.85","article-title":"Proctocolectomy without ileostomy for ulcerative colitis","volume":"2","author":"Parks","year":"1978","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB48|cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.50.4.480","article-title":"The prevalence of faecal incontinence in adults aged 40 years or more living in the community","volume":"50","author":"Perry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB49|cit49","volume-title":"Bowel care in older people","author":"Potter","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB50|cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236199","article-title":"Patient and surgeon ranking of the severity of symptoms associated with fecal incontinence: the fecal incontinence severity index","volume":"42","author":"Rockwood","year":"1999","journal-title":"Disease of the Colon and Rectum"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB51|cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02237236","article-title":"Fecal incontinence quality of life scale","volume":"43","author":"Rockwood","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon and Rectum"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB52|cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1998.00958.x","article-title":"Quality of life in patients with benign anorectal disorders","volume":"85","author":"Sailer","year":"1998","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB53|cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520290060030","article-title":"Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials","volume":"273","author":"Schultz","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB54|cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800710818","article-title":"Faecal incontinence after anal dilatation","volume":"71","author":"Snooks","year":"1984","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB55|cit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800781206","article-title":"Sphincter injury after anal dilatation demonstrated by anal endosonography","volume":"78","author":"Speakman","year":"1991","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB56|cit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312233292601","article-title":"Anal-sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery","volume":"329","author":"Sultan","year":"1993","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB57|cit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90175-X","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in the elderly: a population- based study","volume":"102","author":"Talley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB58|cit58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.01931.x","article-title":"Review article: recent trends in diagnosis and treatment of faecal incontinence","volume":"19","author":"Tuteja","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacol Therapy"},{"issue":"9052","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB59|cit59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)09188-X","article-title":"Primary degeneration of the internal anal sphincter as a cause of passive faecal incontinence","volume":"349","author":"Vaizey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB60|cit60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.27.5.528","article-title":"Function of the anal sphincters after chronic radiation injury","volume":"27","author":"Varma","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB61|cit61","volume-title":"SF-36 Health Survey Manual and Interpretation Guide","author":"Ware","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB62|cit62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234835","article-title":"Treatment options for fecal incontinence: consensus conference report","volume":"44","author":"Whitehead","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon and Rectum"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB63|cit63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"67","author":"Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116-BIB64|cit64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002116","article-title":"Drug treatment for faecal incontinence in adults","author":"Cheetham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd002116.pub2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,11]],"date-time":"2013-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370908800000}}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T17:09:34Z","timestamp":1628528974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002116"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Cathryn MA","family":"Glazener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,22]]},"references-count":64,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd002116","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,22]]}}}