{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:43:01Z","timestamp":1787510581139,"version":"build-2736575974"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd002954.pub2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,5]],"date-time":"2017-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493942400000}}],"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com","cochranelibrary.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd002954.pub3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,5]],"date-time":"2017-05-05T18:39:05Z","timestamp":1494009545000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2017","author":[{"given":"Sue","family":"Jessop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town Groote Schuur Hospital; Department of Medicine; Main Road 7925 Observatory Cape Town Cape Town Western Cape South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Whitelaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Stellenbosch; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology; Cape Town Tygerberg South Africa 7500"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J","family":"Grainge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine; Division of Epidemiology and Public Health; University of Nottingham Nottingham UK NG7 2UH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prativa","family":"Jayasekera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broadgreen Hospital; Department of Dermatology; Liverpool UK L14 3LB"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0001|cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2008.03138.x","article-title":"Pimecrolimus 1% cream versus betamethasone 17-valerate 0.1% cream in the treatment of facial discoid lupus erythematosus: a double-blind, randomized pilot study","volume":"34","author":"Barikbin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Dermatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0002|cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09330.x","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of R-salbutamol for topical treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus","volume":"161","author":"Jemec","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0003|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.03.037","article-title":"Efficacy of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment in cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial","volume":"65","author":"Kuhn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0004|cit4","first-page":"281","article-title":"Discoid lupus erythematosus. Diagnostic features and evaluation of topical corticosteroid therapy","volume":"25","author":"Roenigk","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0005|cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1992.tb14851.x","article-title":"Treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus with acitretin and hydroxychloroquine","volume":"127","author":"Ruzicka","year":"1992","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0006|cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04161.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of topical calcineurin inhibitors as monotherapy or in combination with hydroxychloroquine in cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"26","author":"Avgerinou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0007|cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21358","article-title":"Double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial of clofazimine compared with chloroquine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"52","author":"Bezerra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatism"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0008|cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1963.tb13959.x","article-title":"Treatment of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus with fluocinolone acetonide ointment","volume":"75","author":"Bjornberg","year":"1963","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0009|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-205144","article-title":"A phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial of blisibimod, an inhibitor of B cell activating factor, in patients with moderate-to-severe systemic lupus erythematosus, the PEARL-SC study","volume":"74","author":"Furie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0010|cit10","first-page":"no pagination","article-title":"Repository corticotropin injection (H.P. acthar gel) attenuates disease activity in patients with persistently active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) requiring corticosteroids","volume":"67","author":"Furie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0011|cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.08.011","article-title":"Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in antimalarial-resistant cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"65","author":"Gammon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0012|cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-185X.2011.01665.x","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of methotrexate in articular and cutaneous manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"15","author":"Islam","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0013|cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208562","article-title":"Sifalimumab, an anti-interferon-a monoclonal antibody, in moderate to severe systemic lupus erythematosus: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"75","author":"Khamashta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annals of Rheumatic Diseases"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0014|cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1159\/000254544","article-title":"The value of hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) for the treatment of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus; a double blind trial","volume":"130","author":"Kraak","year":"1965","journal-title":"Dermatologica"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0015|cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.12.053","article-title":"Photoprotective effects of a broad-spectrum sunscreen in ultraviolet-induced cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a randomized, vehicle-controlled, double-blind study","volume":"64","author":"Kuhn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0016|cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203316644335","article-title":"Fumaric acid ester treatment in cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SLE): a prospective, open-label, phase II pilot study","volume":"25","author":"Kuhn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0017|cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2009.03351.x","article-title":"Efficacy of topical tacrolimus 0.3% in clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment in therapy-resistant cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a cohort study","volume":"35","author":"Madan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Dermatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0018|cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200831","article-title":"Effects of belimumab, a B lymphocyte stimulator-specific inhibitor, on disease activity across multiple organ domains in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: combined results from two phase III trials","volume":"71","author":"Manzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0019|cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27601","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of abatacept in patients with non-life-threatening manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a twelve-month, multicenter, exploratory, phase IIb, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"62","author":"Merrill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0020|cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27233","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of rituximab in moderately-to-severely active systemic lupus erythematosus: the randomized, double-blind, phase II\/III systemic lupus erythematosus evaluation of rituximab trial","volume":"62","author":"Merrill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatism"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0021|cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.144485","article-title":"Safety profile and clinical activity of sifalimumab, a fully human anti-interferon alpha monoclonal antibody, in systemic lupus erythematosus: A phase I, multicentre, double-blind randomised study","volume":"70","author":"Merrill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0022|cit22","first-page":"1429","article-title":"Thalidomide in the treatment of cutaneous lupus refractory to conventional therapy","volume":"27","author":"Ordi-Ros","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0023|cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38091","article-title":"Phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple intravenous, dose-ascending study of sirukumab in cutaneous or systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"65","author":"Szepietowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatism"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0024|cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1990.tb08290.x","article-title":"Recombinant interferon alpha 2a is effective in the treatment of discoid and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"122","author":"Thivolet","year":"1990","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0025|cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07595.x","article-title":"Tacrolimus vs clobetasol propionate in the treatment of facial cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a randomized, double-blind, bilateral comparison study","volume":"156","author":"Tzung","year":"2007","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0026|cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.537","article-title":"Tacrolimus 0.03% ointment in labial discoid lupus erythematosus: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0027|cit27","first-page":"no pagination","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study of hydroxychloroquine on cutaneous lupus erythematosus in Japan","volume":"67","author":"Yokogawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0028|cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327245","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/327245","article-title":"Chinese herbal medicine (Zi shen ging) for mild to moderate systemic lupus erythematosus: A pilot prospective single-blinded randomised controlled study","volume":"2013","author":"Zhong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : ECAM"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0029|cit29","unstructured":"NCT00001680 A pilot trial of topical thalidomide for the management of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT00001680"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0030|cit30","unstructured":"NCT00222183 Cutaneous lupus erythematosus and elidel clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT00222183"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0031|cit31","unstructured":"NCT00625157 Efficacy and safety of ASF-1096 cream 0.5% in the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) lesions (2) clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT00625157"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0032|cit32","unstructured":"NCT00625521 Efficacy and safety of ASF-1096 cream 0.5% in the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) lesions clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT00625521"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0033|cit33","unstructured":"NCT01164917 Safety study of AMG 811 in subjects with discoid lupus erythematosus clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT01164917"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0034|cit34","unstructured":"NCT01300208 To evaluate the preliminary safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and efficacy of CC-11050 in subjects with discoid lupus erythematosus and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT01300208"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0035|cit35","unstructured":"NCT01407679 Efficacy and safety of oral alitretinoin (Toctino\u00ae) in the treatment of patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (AliCLE) clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT01407679"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0036|cit36","unstructured":"NCT01597050 Safety and efficacy of topical R333 in patients with discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) lesions (SKINDLE) clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT01597050"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0037|cit37","first-page":"933","article-title":"A comparative study in efficacy and safety of 0.1% tacrolimus and 0.05% clobetasol propionate ointment in discoid lupus erythematosus by modified cutaneous lupus erythematosus disease area and severity index","volume":"95","author":"Pothinamthong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand= Chotmaihet Thangphaet"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0038|cit38","unstructured":"NCT02927457 Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical effect of GSK2646264 in cutaneous lupus erythematosus patients clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02927457"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0039|cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2005.23889.x","article-title":"The CLASI (Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus disease Area and Severity Index): an outcome instrument for cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"125","author":"Albrecht","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0040|cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1996.tb00657.x","article-title":"Efficacy of sulphasalazine in discoid lupus erythematosus","volume":"35","author":"Artuz","year":"1996","journal-title":"International Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0041|cit41","first-page":"233","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) in the treatment of lupus erythematosus","volume":"39","author":"Brodthagen","year":"1959","journal-title":"Acta Dermato-venereologica"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0042|cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1982.01650180046015","article-title":"Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Clinical, laboratory, therapeutic, and prognostic examination of 62 patients","volume":"118","author":"Callen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0043|cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339700600216","article-title":"Management of antimalarial-refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"6","author":"Callen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0044|cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.12.025","article-title":"Influence of smoking on the efficacy of antimalarials in cutaneous lupus: a meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"72","author":"Chasset","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0045|cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1982.tb00910.x","article-title":"Dapsone and discoid lupus erythematosus","volume":"106","author":"Coburn","year":"1982","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0046|cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10693.x","article-title":"Thalidomide in the treatment of refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus: prognostic factors of clinical outcome","volume":"166","author":"Cort\u00e9s-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2012","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0047|cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1986.tb05720.x","article-title":"Treatment of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus with an oral gold compound (auranofin)","volume":"115","author":"Dalziel","year":"1986","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"7109","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0048|cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0049|cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1159\/000246899","article-title":"The association of the two antimalarials chloroquine and quinacrine for treatment-resistant chronic and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"189","author":"Feldman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0050|cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203315599245","article-title":"Discoid lupus erythematosus with squamous cell carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature in Indian patients","volume":"24","author":"Fernandes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0051|cit51","first-page":"322","article-title":"Retinal toxicity associated with chronic exposure to hydroxychloroquine and its ocular screening. Review","volume":"7","author":"Geamanu Panca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Life"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0052|cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1586\/17474124.2015.1039987","article-title":"Toxicity and response to thiopurines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"9","author":"Goldberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0053|cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1953.63690150002009a","article-title":"Chloroquine diphosphate in treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus","volume":"152","author":"Goldman","year":"1953","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0054|cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1994.01690070134027","article-title":"Discoid lupus erythematosus: successful treatment with oral methotrexate","volume":"130","author":"Goldstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0055|cit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1983.01650340022013","article-title":"Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Thalidomide treatment of 11 patients","volume":"119","author":"Hasper","year":"1983","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0056|cit56","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Green S (editors) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from handbook.cochrane.org"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0057|cit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1965.01600150073013","article-title":"Discoid lupus erythematosus. Is systemic treatment necessary?","volume":"92","author":"Jansen","year":"1965","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0058|cit58","first-page":"131","article-title":"Topical immunomodulators in dermatology","volume":"50","author":"Khandpur","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Postgraduate Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0059|cit59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1953.01540120035006","article-title":"Quinacrine hydrochloride (atabrine) in the treatment of lupus erythematosus","volume":"68","author":"Kierland","year":"1953","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0060|cit60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1983.tb04600.x","article-title":"Thalidomide in the treatment of 60 cases of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus","volume":"108","author":"Knop","year":"1983","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0061|cit61","first-page":"1305","article-title":"Local treatment of chronic lupus erythematosus with triamcinolone injections","volume":"108","author":"Kraak","year":"1964","journal-title":"Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0062|cit62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2008.592","article-title":"Lupus erythematosus tumidus: response to antimalarial treatment in 36 patients with emphasis on smoking","volume":"145","author":"Kreuter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0063|cit63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.021","article-title":"The classification and diagnosis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"48-49","author":"Kuhn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0064|cit64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1159\/000249338","article-title":"Dapsone in the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"172","author":"Lindskov","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dermatologica"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0065|cit65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1974.tb06723.x","article-title":"Clofazimine in the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus","volume":"91","author":"Mackey","year":"1974","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"7231","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0066|cit66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(62)92880-5","article-title":"Amodiaquine hydrochloride in the treatment of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus","volume":"1","author":"Maguire","year":"1962","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0067|cit67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1968.tb12362.x","article-title":"Fluocinolone acetonide 0.2 per cent cream - a co-operative clinical trial","volume":"80","author":"Marsden","year":"1968","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"3 Pt 2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0068|cit68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(08)80583-X","article-title":"A low-dose intralesional interferon alfa for discoid lupus erythematosus","volume":"26","author":"Martinez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0069|cit69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1985.tb05740.x","article-title":"Thalidomide therapy. An open trial","volume":"24","author":"Naafs","year":"1985","journal-title":"International Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0070|cit70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.04.027","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of topical therapies and the rationale for combination therapy","volume":"53","author":"Norris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0071|cit71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.11.007","article-title":"Lenalidomide in treatment-refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus: Efficacy and safety in a 52-week trial","volume":"70","author":"Okon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of American Academy of Dermatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0072|cit72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12086","article-title":"Acitretin","volume":"26","author":"Ortiz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatologic Therapy"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0073|cit73","first-page":"971","article-title":"Difficulty in judging the value of therapy. Observations in connection with reports on the treatment of chronic lupus erythematosus","volume":"105","author":"Prakken","year":"1961","journal-title":"Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0074|cit74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-015-0239-y","article-title":"Therapy and pharmacological properties of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases","volume":"23","author":"Rainsford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0075|cit75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1963.01590210038006","article-title":"Chloroquine. A review of reactions and dermatologic indications","volume":"88","author":"Rees","year":"1963","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0076|cit76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1159\/000251488","article-title":"Treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus with betametasone-valerate cream 1 percent","volume":"149","author":"Reyman","year":"1974","journal-title":"Dermatologica"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0077|cit77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.131.5.620b","article-title":"Phenytoin in the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus","volume":"131","author":"Rodriguez-Castellanos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0078|cit78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196311282692201","article-title":"Chronic discoid lupus erythematosus - a study of 65 patients and 65 controls","volume":"269","author":"Rothfield","year":"1963","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0079|cit79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1988.01670060043013","article-title":"Efficiency of acitretin in the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"124","author":"Ruzicka","year":"1988","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0080|cit80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-961813","article-title":"All-trans-retinoic acid and 13-cis-retinoic acid: pharmacokinetics and biological activity in different cell culture models of human keratinocytes","volume":"39","author":"Schroeder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hormone Metabolism Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0081|cit81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(91)70008-P","article-title":"Isotretinoin for refractory lupus erythematosus","volume":"24","author":"Shornick","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0082|cit82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1962.tb15905.x","article-title":"Intralesional triamcinolone as an adjunct to antimalarial drugs in the treatment of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus","volume":"74","author":"Smith","year":"1962","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0083|cit83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-007-0421-2","article-title":"Topical tacrolimus and pimecrolimus in the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus: an evidence-based evaluation","volume":"64","author":"Tzellos","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0084|cit84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1985.01660100103026","article-title":"Successful treatment of generalized discoid skin lesions with azathioprine. Its use in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"121","author":"Tsokos","year":"1985","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0085|cit85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.143.7.873","article-title":"Efalizumab in the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus","volume":"143","author":"Usmani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0086|cit86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11106.x","article-title":"A multicentre, cross-sectional study on quality of life in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"168","author":"Vasquez","year":"2013","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0087|cit87","first-page":"16","article-title":"Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis: a quarter century of development","volume":"124","author":"Weinblatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0088|cit88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2007.02427.x","article-title":"The use of topical calcineurin inhibitors in lupus erythematosus: an overview","volume":"22","author":"Wollina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV"},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0089|cit89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4102","DOI":"10.2174\/09298673113209990198","article-title":"Thalidomide - a notorious sedative to a wonder anticancer drug","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current Medicinal Chemistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0090|cit90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954","article-title":"Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus","author":"Jessop","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3-BIB0091|cit91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub2","article-title":"Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus","author":"Jessop","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/cdsr\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3\/epdf\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T22:05:41Z","timestamp":1710972341000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002954.pub3"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"name":"Cochrane Skin Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,5]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd002954.pub3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-1858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-1858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,5]]}}}