{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T17:21:57Z","timestamp":1788110517468,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd003079.pub2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,30]],"date-time":"2013-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367280000000}}],"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Wiley","content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com","cochranelibrary.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd003079.pub3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,28]],"date-time":"2013-04-28T02:57:49Z","timestamp":1367117869000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Benzodiazepines for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Donna","family":"Gillies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Sydney and Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health Districts - Mental Health; Cumberland Hospital Locked Bag 7118 Parramatta NSW Australia 2150"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Sampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Nottingham; Cochrane Schizophrenia Group; Sir Colin Campbell Building University of Nottingham Innovation Park, Jubilee Campus Nottingham UK NG7 2TU"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust; Trust HQ; Maudsley Hospital Denmark Hill London UK SE5 8AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Rathbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sheffield; HEDS, ScHARR; Regent Court 30 Regent Street Sheffield UK S1 4DA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0001|cit1","first-page":"506","article-title":"Alprazolam as a neuroleptic adjunct in the emergency treatment of schizophrenia","volume":"149","author":"Barbee","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0002|cit2","first-page":"S114","article-title":"A double-blind randomized clinical trial of rapid tranquilization with I.M. clonazepam and I.M. haloperidol in agitated psychotic patients with manic symptoms [presented at the 143rd annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, NY, May 12-17, 1990, and at the 42nd annual meeting of the Canadian Psychiatric Association, Montreal, Quebec, September 17, 1992]","volume":"38","author":"Chouinard","year":"1993","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0003|cit3","first-page":"134","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of clonazepam and haloperidol in the treatment of psychotic breakdown behavior","volume":"7","author":"Qu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Health Psychology Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0004|cit4","first-page":"98","article-title":"A randomly controlled comparison of risperidone added with intramuscular clonazepam in the treatment of excitement of schizophrenia","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0005|cit5","first-page":"88","article-title":"A multicenter study of risperidone treatment for acute agitation in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0006|cit6","first-page":"631","article-title":"Efficacy of risperidone, clonazepam in the treatment of excitement state of schizophrenia","volume":"27","author":"Han","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ningxia Medical Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0007|cit7","first-page":"239","article-title":"Study of olanzapine combined with clonazepam in treatment of schizophrenia with acute psychomotor excitation","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Linchuang Jingshen Yixue Zazhi"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0008|cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.136.8.1061","article-title":"Acute high-dose parenteral haloperidol treatment of psychosis","volume":"136","author":"Lerner","year":"1979","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0009|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.1.142","article-title":"Intramuscular flunitrazepam versus intramuscular haloperidol in the emergency treatment of aggressive psychotic behavior","volume":"156","author":"Dorevitch","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0010|cit10","first-page":"1598","article-title":"Efficacy of combinations of intramuscular antipsychotics and sedative-hypnotics for control of psychotic agitation [presented in part at the 141st annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Montreal, May 7-12, 1988, and at the 142nd annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, San Fransisco, May 6-11, 1989]","volume":"146","author":"Garza-Trevino","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0011|cit11","first-page":"177","article-title":"Parenteral lorazepam versus parenteral haloperidol for the control of psychotic disruptive behavior","volume":"52","author":"Salzman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0012|cit12","first-page":"139","article-title":"Benzodiazepine augmentation of the treatment of disruptive psychotic behaviour [Review]","volume":"35","author":"Solomon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Progress in Drug Research"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0013|cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(97)90119-4","article-title":"Haloperidol, lorazepam, or both for psychotic agitation? A multicenter, prospective, double-blind, emergency department study","volume":"15","author":"Battaglia","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0014|cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-199705000-00009","article-title":"Efficacy of lorazepam and haloperidol for rapid tranquilization in a psychiatric emergency room setting","volume":"12","author":"Foster","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0015|cit15","first-page":"307","article-title":"A prospective randomised double-blind controlled study of the efficacy of lorazepam versus clothiapine in the control of acutely behaviourally disturbed patients","volume":"88","author":"Subramaney","year":"1998","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0016|cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1998.tb03827.x","article-title":"A double-blind study of lorazepam versus the combination of haloperidol and lorazepam in managing agitation","volume":"18","author":"Bieniek","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0017|cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(02)42249-8","article-title":"Calming versus sedative effects of intramuscular olanzapine in agitated patients","volume":"21","author":"Battaglia","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0018|cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.5.441","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-response comparison of intramuscular olanzapine and haloperidol in the treatment of acute agitation in schizophrenia","volume":"59","author":"Breier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0019|cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David SR Battaglia J Alaka K Meehan K Wright P Calming versus sedative effects of IM olanzapine in agitated patients 11th Association of European Psychiatrists Congress Stockholm, Sweden 104s","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(02)80471-0"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0020|cit20","unstructured":"David SR Jones B Alaka K Meehan K Wright P Taylor CC The efficacy of intramuscular olanzapine in acutely agitated patients 155th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0021|cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200108000-00006","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized comparison of the efficacy and safety of intramuscular injections of olanzapine, lorazepam, or placebo in treating acutely agitated patients diagnosed with bipolar mania","volume":"21","author":"Meehan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0024|cit22","unstructured":"Alexander J Lorazepam versus a combination of haloperidol and promethazine in the acute management of agitation and aggression - a randomized controlled trial MD Thesis. Vellore, India: Christian Medical College 2003"},{"issue":"3 Suppl. 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0022|cit23","first-page":"236","article-title":"TREC-India. A second arm of TREC","volume":"53","author":"Alexander","year":"2002","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Research"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0023|cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.185.1.63","article-title":"Rapid tranquillisation of violent or agitated patients in a psychiatric emergency setting: a pragmatic randomised trial of intramuscular lorazepam versus haloperidol plus promethazine","volume":"185","author":"Alexander","year":"2004","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0026|cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(02)80465-5","article-title":"Oral risperidone in the management of agitated behavior in emergency settings","volume":"12","author":"Veser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0025|cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/00131746-200603000-00005","article-title":"Risperidone versus haloperidol, in combination with lorazepam, in the treatment of acute agitation and psychosis: a pilot, Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"\u00a0Veser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Practice"},{"issue":"3 Suppl. 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0027|cit27","first-page":"187","article-title":"TREC III. The protocol and progress of TREC","volume":"53","author":"Huf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0028|cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-2-4","article-title":"TREC-Rio trial: a randomised controlled trial for rapid tranquillisation for agitated patients in emergency psychiatric rooms","volume":"2","author":"Huf","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0029|cit29","unstructured":"Huf G Coutinho ESF Adams CE The pharmacological management of agitated patients in emergency psychiatric hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: the results of two pragmatic randomized clinical trials 5th European Congress on Violence in Clinical Psychiatry \u00a0Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0030|cit30","first-page":"236","article-title":"TREC II. Current practices in managing acutely disturbed patients at three hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"53","author":"Huf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Research"},{"issue":"7417","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0031|cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7417.708","article-title":"Rapid tranquillisation for agitated patients in emergency psychiatric rooms: a randomised trial of midazolam versus haloperidol plus promethazine","volume":"327","author":"TREC Collaborative Group","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0032|cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2005.07.003","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial comparing intravenous midazolam and droperidol for sedation of the acutely agitated patient in the emergency department","volume":"47","author":"Knott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annals of Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0033|cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462011000100008","article-title":"Rapid tranquilization for agitated patients in emergency psychiatric rooms: a randomized trial of olanzapine, ziprasidone, haloperidol plus promethazine, haloperidol plus midazolam and haloperidol alone","volume":"33","author":"Baldacara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Revista Brasileire da Psiquiatria"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0034|cit34","first-page":"77","article-title":"The use of benzodiazepines for psychotic disorders: a literature review and preliminary clinical findings","volume":"22","author":"Arana","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology Bulletin"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0035|cit35","first-page":"163","article-title":"The emergency treatment of acutely agitated psychotic schizophrenia patients","volume":"11","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0036|cit36","first-page":"767","article-title":"The therapeutic effects of lorazepam in psychotic patients treated with haloperidol: a double blind study","volume":"14","author":"Guz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Therapuetic Research Press"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0037|cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/009127006200200305","article-title":"A reference study of ataraxics: a two-week double blind outpatient evaluation","volume":"2","author":"Hankoff","year":"1962","journal-title":"Journal of New Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0038|cit38","first-page":"171","article-title":"Comparative effects of fluphenazine, fluphenazine-chlordiazepoxide and fluphenazine-imipramine","volume":"31","author":"Hanlon","year":"1970","journal-title":"Diseases of the Nervous System"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0039|cit39","first-page":"221","article-title":"Clinical study on efficacy of quetiapine combined with clonazepam treated with acute agitation in schizophrenia patients","volume":"16","author":"Kang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Linchuang Jingshen Yixue Zazhi"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0040|cit40","first-page":"47","article-title":"Adjunctive treatment of manic agitation with lorazepam versus haloperidol: a double-blind study","volume":"53","author":"Lenox","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0041|cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2005.tb01492.x","article-title":"Management of acute undifferentiated agitation in the emergency department: a randomized double-blind trial of droperidol, ziprasidone, and midazolam","volume":"12","author":"Martel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Academic Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0042|cit42","first-page":"1176","article-title":"Clinical observation on acute excitation of schizophrenia treated with QIWEI combined with clonazepam","volume":"20","author":"Mei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chinese Nursing Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0043|cit43","first-page":"687","article-title":"Treatment of 80 cases of schizophrenia manifesting acute erethitic symptoms with quetiapine combined with clonazepam","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Herald of Medicine"},{"issue":"4-6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0044|cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(82)80141-3","article-title":"Diazepam in high doses is effective in schizophrenia","volume":"6","author":"Nestoros","year":"1982","journal-title":"Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0045|cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2004.tb00738.x","article-title":"A prospective, double-blind, randomized trial of midazolam versus haloperidol versus lorazepam in the chemical restraint of violent and severely agitated patients","volume":"11","author":"Nobay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Academic Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0046|cit46","first-page":"135","article-title":"Risperidone liquid concentrate and oral lorazepam versus intramuscular haloperidol and intramuscular lorazepam for treatment of psychotic agitation","volume":"62","author":"Currier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinial Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0047|cit47","unstructured":"Simpson GM Morein JD Reyes-Harde M Gharabawi G A pragmatic and convenient approach for the management or acute agitation: results from a series of clinical studies Proceedings of the 16th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Congress Czech Republic 2003 20 4"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0048|cit48","first-page":"153","article-title":"A clinical study of risperidone oral solution combined with clonazepam injection in the treatment of acute excitement phase schizophrenia patient","volume":"19","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0049|cit49","first-page":"23","article-title":"Curative effect of risperidone with BDZs in the treatment of excitement and agitation with schizophrenia in acute phase","volume":"13","author":"Wan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Health Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0050|cit50","first-page":"126","article-title":"The use of midazolam in acutely agitated psychiatric patients","volume":"26","author":"Wyant","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0051|cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007445.pub2","article-title":"Chlorpromazine for psychosis induced aggression or agitation","author":"Ahmed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0052|cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009412","article-title":"Risperidone for psychosis induced aggression or agitation","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"Suppl 14","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0053|cit53","first-page":"11","article-title":"Managing the agitated psychotic patient: a reappraisal of the evidence","volume":"61","author":"Allen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0054|cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/00131746-200511001-00002","article-title":"The expert consensus guideline series. Treatment of behavioural emergencies","volume":"11","author":"Allen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Psyhciatric Practice"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0055|cit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200565090-00003","article-title":"Pharmacological management of acute agitation","volume":"65","author":"Battaglia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0056|cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003729.pub2","article-title":"Olanzapine IM or velotab for acutely disturbed\/agitatedpeople with suspected serious mental illnesses","author":"Belgamwar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0057|cit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7108.600","article-title":"Statistics notes. Trials randomised in clusters","volume":"315","author":"Bland","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0058|cit58","first-page":"405","article-title":"The problem of therapeutic efficacy indices. 3. Comparison of the indices and their use","volume":"54","author":"Boissel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Therapie"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0059|cit59","first-page":"28","article-title":"The clinical global impressions scale: applying a research tool in clinical practice","volume":"4","author":"Busner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0060|cit60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(82)90031-0","article-title":"The stability of the symptom groupings in the Inpatient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale (IMPS)","volume":"17","author":"Cairns","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0061|cit61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-199902000-00012","article-title":"Reliability of the Agitated Behaviour Scale","volume":"14","author":"Caplan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0062|cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001943.pub2","article-title":"Loxapine for schizophrenia","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0063|cit63","first-page":"487","article-title":"Agitation following traumatic head injury","volume":"69","author":"Corrigan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0064|cit64","unstructured":"Deeks J Issues in the selection for meta-analyses of binary data Proceedings of the 8th International Cochrane Colloquium; 2000 Oct 25-28; Cape Town Cape Town The Cochrane Collaboration 2000"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0065|cit65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02599201","article-title":"The unit of analysis error in studies about physicians' patient care behavior","volume":"7","author":"Divine","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0066|cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001359","article-title":"Olanzapine for schizophrenia","author":"Duggan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"7109","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0067|cit67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0068|cit68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.1.140","article-title":"Meta-analyses involving cross-over trials: methodological issues","volume":"31","author":"Elbourne","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0069|cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000059","article-title":"Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia","author":"Essali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0070|cit70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90041-3","article-title":"Correlations between the MMPI and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale in schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients","volume":"28","author":"Faustman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0071|cit71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2005.06.006","article-title":"Imputing missing standard deviations in meta-analyses can provide accurate results","volume":"59","author":"Furukawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0072|cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000525.pub3","article-title":"Zuclopenthixol acetate for acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses","author":"Jayakody","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0073|cit73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0702","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for the treatment of aggressive behavior in general adult psychiatry: A systematic review","volume":"67","author":"Goedhard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0074|cit74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009904","article-title":"Components of variance and intraclass correlations for the design of community-based surveys and intervention studies: data from the Health Survey for England 1994","volume":"149","author":"Gulliford","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0075|cit75","first-page":"12","article-title":"Clinical global impressions","volume-title":"Manual for the ECDEU Assessment Battery","author":"Guy","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0076|cit76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470712184","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.0 [updated February 2008]","author":"Higgins","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0077|cit77","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Green S (editors) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.2 [updated September 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org."},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0078|cit78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-2-4","article-title":"Current practices in managing acutely disturbed patients at three hospitals in Rio de Janeiro-Brazil: a prevalence study","volume":"2","author":"Huf","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0079|cit79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005146.pub2","article-title":"Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis-induced aggression","author":"Huf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0080|cit80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1258\/td.2010.100300","article-title":"Rapid tranquillization agents for severe behavioural disturbance: a survey of African psychiatrists' prescription patterns","volume":"41","author":"James","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tropical Doctor"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0081|cit81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","article-title":"The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0082|cit82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009830","article-title":"Haloperidol for long-term aggression in psychosis","author":"Khushu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0083|cit83","first-page":"55","article-title":"Comparing drugs for short-term sedation","volume":"6","author":"Larson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Contemporary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0084|cit84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbl025","article-title":"Is the superior efficacy of new generation antipsychotics an artifact of LOCF?","volume":"33","author":"Leucht","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0085|cit85","volume-title":"Inpatient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale","author":"Lorr","year":"1963"},{"issue":"Suppl 10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0086|cit86","first-page":"13","article-title":"A review of agitation in mental illness: treatment guidelines and current therapies","volume":"67","author":"Marder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0087|cit87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.176.3.249","article-title":"Unpublished rating scales: a major source of bias in randomised controlled trials of treatments for schizophrenia","volume":"176","author":"Marshall","year":"2000","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl 10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0088|cit88","first-page":"3","article-title":"Rapid tranquillization agents for severe behavioural disturbance: a survey of African psychiatrists' prescription patterns","volume":"67","author":"Mintzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0089|cit89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.15.1987","article-title":"The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomized trials","volume":"285","author":"Moher","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0090|cit90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002084.pub2","article-title":"Containment strategies for people with serious mental illness","author":"Muralidharan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0091|cit91","unstructured":"The National Institute for Clinical Excellence Violence: the short-term management of disturbed\/violent behaviour in psychiatric in-patient settings and emergency departments NICE Clinical Guideline 25 February 2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0092|cit92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1967.01730200014003","article-title":"Major psychiatric disorders: a four dimensional model","volume":"16","author":"Overall","year":"1967","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0093|cit93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008074","article-title":"Aripiprazole for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation","author":"Pagadala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0094|cit94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009377","article-title":"Haloperidol (rapid tranquilisation) for psychosis induced aggression or agitation","author":"Powney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0095|cit95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5920.656","article-title":"Controlled sedation with alphaxalone-alphadolone","volume":"2","author":"Ramsay","year":"1974","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0096|cit96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.01.015","article-title":"Managing the aggressive and violent patient in the psychiatric emergency","volume":"30","author":"Rocca","year":"2006","journal-title":"Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0097|cit97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001163","article-title":"Seclusion and restraint for people with serious mental illnesses","author":"Sailas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0098|cit98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470712184.ch12","article-title":"Chapter 12: Interpreting results and drawing conclusions","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","author":"Sch\u00fcnemann","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0099|cit99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.17.3.324","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale factor structure","volume":"17","author":"Shafer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0100|cit100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001357","article-title":"Amisulpride for schizophrenia","author":"Silveira da Mota Neto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0101|cit101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.185.1.63","article-title":"Rapid tranquillisation of violent or agitated patients in a psychiatric emergency setting: a pragmatic randomised trial of intramuscular lorazepam versus haloperidol plus promethazine","volume":"185","author":"Alexander","year":"2004","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7417","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0102|cit102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7417.708","article-title":"Rapid tranquillisation for agitated patients in emergency psychiatric rooms: a randomised trial of midazolam versus haloperidol plus promethazine","volume":"327","author":"TREC Collaborative Group","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0103|cit103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010190","article-title":"Loxapine inhaler for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation","author":"Vangala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0104|cit104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006391","article-title":"Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia","author":"Volz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0105|cit105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009801","article-title":"Quetiapine for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation","author":"Wilkie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0106|cit106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.bp.108.021949","article-title":"Loss to outcomes stakeholder survey: the LOSS study","volume":"33","author":"Xia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatric Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0107|cit107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.1.35","article-title":"The Overt Aggression Scale for the objective rating of verbal and physical aggression","volume":"143","author":"Yudofsky","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0108|cit108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.9.4.541","article-title":"The Overt Agitation Severity Scale for the objective rating of agitation","volume":"9","author":"Yudofsky","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3-BIB0109|cit109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub2","article-title":"Benzodiazepines for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation","author":"Gillies","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd003079.pub4","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,8]],"date-time":"2017-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512691200000}}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/wol1\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3\/fullpdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T22:55:28Z","timestamp":1644879328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub3"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"name":"Cochrane Schizophrenia Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,30]]},"references-count":109,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd003079.pub3","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003079.pub4","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1465-1858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-1858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,30]]}}}