{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T22:52:51Z","timestamp":1790031171082,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd003648.pub3","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]],"date-time":"2017-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504742400000}}],"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com","cochranelibrary.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd003648.pub4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]],"date-time":"2017-09-07T19:41:31Z","timestamp":1504813291000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Vitamin A supplements for reducing mother-to-child HIV transmission"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2017","author":[{"given":"Charles S","family":"Wiysonge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council; Cochrane South Africa; Francie van Zijl Drive, Parow Valley Cape Town Western Cape South Africa 7505"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valantine N","family":"Ndze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stellenbosch University; Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; PO Box 241 Cape Town South Africa 8000"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene J","family":"Kongnyuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Health Solutions; 43 Fowler's Rd Salisbury UK SP1 2QP"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muki S","family":"Shey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town, Health Sciences Faculty; Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative (CIDRI); Anzio Road Observatory Cape Town Western Cape South Africa 7925"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0001|cit1","first-page":"19-22","article-title":"Lessons learned in establishing a randomised controlled trial to investigate the effect of vitamin A on vertical transmission of HIV","volume":"15","author":"Chikobvu","year":"2000","journal-title":"South African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0002|cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.4.582","article-title":"Consent for participation in the Bloemfontein vitamin A trial: how informed and voluntary?","volume":"93","author":"Joubert","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"8 Pt 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0003|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.8_Pt_1.1076","article-title":"The effects of vitamin A supplementation on the morbidity of children born to HIV-infected women","volume":"85","author":"Coutsoudis","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0004|cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199705010-00015","article-title":"Effects of vitamin A supplementation on viral load in HIV-1-infected pregnant women","volume":"15","author":"Coutsoudis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0005|cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200102160-00011","article-title":"Method of feeding and transmission of HIV-1 from mothers to children by 15 months of age: prospective cohort study from Durban, South Africa","volume":"15","author":"Coutsoudis","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0006|cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00620.x","article-title":"Morbidity in children born to women infected with human immunodeficiency virus in South Africa: does mode of feeding matter?","volume":"92","author":"Coutsoudis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0007|cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199908200-00012","article-title":"Randomized trial testing the effect of vitamin A supplementation on pregnancy outcomes and early mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Durban, South Africa","volume":"13","author":"Coutsoudis","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0008|cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200104000-00014","article-title":"The effect of antenatal vitamin A and beta-carotene supplementation on gut integrity of infants of HIV-infected South African women","volume":"32","author":"Filteau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0009|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200005010-00006","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial assessing the effect of vitamin A supplementation on maternal morbidity during pregnancy and postpartum among HIV-infected women","volume":"24","author":"Kennedy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0010|cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602201","article-title":"Effect of vitamin supplementation to HIV-infected pregnant women on the micronutrient status of their infants","volume":"59","author":"Baylin","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0011|cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200003010-00006","article-title":"Randomized trial of vitamin supplements in relation to vertical transmission of HIV-1 in Tanzania","volume":"23","author":"Fawzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0012|cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200209270-00011","article-title":"Randomized trial of vitamin supplements in relation to transmission of HIV-1 through breastfeeding and early child mortality","volume":"16","author":"Fawzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0013|cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(98)00045-2","article-title":"Rationale and design of the Tanzania vitamin and HIV infection trial","volume":"20","author":"Fawzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Controlled Clinical Trials"},{"issue":"9114","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0014|cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)04197-X","article-title":"Randomised trial of effects of vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcomes and T cell counts in HIV-infected women in Tanzania","volume":"351","author":"Fawzi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0015|cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040541","article-title":"A randomized trial of multivitamin supplements and HIV disease progression and mortality","volume":"351","author":"Fawzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0016|cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1086\/374223","article-title":"Effect of providing vitamin supplements to human immunodeficiency virus-infected, lactating mothers on the child\u2019s morbidity and CD4+ cell counts","volume":"36","author":"Fawzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0017|cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509993862","article-title":"Sex differences in the effects of maternal vitamin supplements on mortality and morbidity among children born to HIV-infected women in Tanzania","volume":"103","author":"Kawai","year":"2010","journal-title":"British Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0018|cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.4.880","article-title":"Vitamin supplementation of HIV-infected women improves postnatal child growth","volume":"81","author":"Villamor","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Clin Nutrition"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0019|cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602929","article-title":"Effect of vitamin supplementation on breast milk concentrations of retinol, carotenoids and tocopherols in HIV-infected Tanzanian women","volume":"63","author":"Webb","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0021|cit20","unstructured":"Humphrey JH Vitamin A supplementation of breast feeding mothers and their neonates at delivery: impact on mother to child transmission of HIV during lactation, HIV infection among women during the postpartum year, and infant mortality Available at https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT00198718"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0020|cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1086\/500366","article-title":"Effects of a single large dose of vitamin A, given during the postpartum period to HIV-positive women and their infants, on child HIV infection, HIV-free survival, and mortality","volume":"193","author":"Humphrey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0022|cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000166093.16446.c9","article-title":"Early exclusive breastfeeding reduces the risk of postnatal HIV-1 transmission and increases HIV-free survival","volume":"19","author":"Iliff","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0023|cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn.81.2.454","article-title":"Effect of postpartum maternal or neonatal vitamin A supplementation on infant mortality among infants born to HIV-negative mothers in Zimbabwe","volume":"81","author":"Malaba","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0024|cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000264527.69954.4c","article-title":"Child mortality according to maternal and infant HIV status in Zimbabwe","volume":"26","author":"Marinda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0025|cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.11.3461","article-title":"Total body iron in HIV-positive and HIV-negative Zimbabwean newborns strongly predicts anemia throughout infancy and is predicted by maternal hemoglobin concentration","volume":"133","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0026|cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200401230-00017","article-title":"Timing of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 and infant mortality in the first 6 months of life in Harare, Zimbabwe","volume":"18","author":"Zijenah","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0027|cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1086\/342297","article-title":"Antenatal vitamin A supplementation increases birth weight and decreases anemia among infants born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected women in Malawi","volume":"35","author":"Kumwenda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0028|cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.70.6.271","article-title":"Plasma and breast milk vitamin A as indicators of vitamin A status in pregnant women","volume":"70","author":"Semba","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0029|cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0609.2001.066006389.x","article-title":"Impact of vitamin A supplementation on anaemia and plasma erythropoietin concentrations in pregnant women: a controlled trial","volume":"66","author":"Semba","year":"2001","journal-title":"European Journal of Haematology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0030|cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.044263","article-title":"Multiple micronutrient supplementation in Tanzanian infants born to HIV-infected mothers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"96","author":"Duggan","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0031|cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.1.178","article-title":"Effect of multinutrient supplementation on gestational length and birth size: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind effectiveness trial in Zimbabwe","volume":"80","author":"Friis","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0032|cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.09.040","article-title":"High burden of morbidity and mortality but not growth failure in infants exposed to but uninfected with human immunodeficiency virus in Tanzania","volume":"180","author":"Locks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0033|cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmv073","article-title":"Active tuberculosis in HIV-exposed Tanzanian children up to 2 years of age: early-life nutrition, multivitamin supplementation and other potential risk factors","volume":"62","author":"Olofin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Tropical Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0034|cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199704010-00003","article-title":"Maternal serum vitamin A levels are not associated with mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in the United States","volume":"14","author":"Burger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0035|cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1086\/520210","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency and other nutritional indices during pregnancy in human immunodeficiency virus infection: prevalence, clinical correlates, and outcome","volume":"29","author":"Burns","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0036|cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.6.1237","article-title":"Hyporetinolemia, illness symptoms, and acute phase protein response in pregnant women with and without night blindness","volume":"67","author":"Christian","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0037|cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458-63","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.9.1458","article-title":"Vitamin A or beta-carotene supplementation reduces but does not eliminate maternal night blindness in Nepal","volume":"128","author":"Christian","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0038|cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231-7","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/27.2.231","article-title":"Night blindness of pregnancy in rural Nepal - nutritional and health risks","volume":"27","author":"Christian","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0039|cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.6.542","article-title":"Night blindness during pregnancy and subsequent mortality among women in Nepal: effects of vitamin A and beta-carotene supplementation","volume":"152","author":"Christian","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0040|cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510-2","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.5.1510","article-title":"Maternal night blindness increases risk of mortality in the first 6 months of life among infants in Nepal","volume":"131","author":"Christian","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0041|cit41","volume-title":"Fennema's Food Chemistry","author":"Damodaran","year":"2017"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0042|cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.9.1175","article-title":"Prevention of mother to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries: translating research into policy and practice","volume":"283","author":"Cock","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7109","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0043|cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629-34","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0044|cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199807000-00019","article-title":"Vitamins in HIV disease and vertical transmission","volume":"9","author":"Fawzi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0045|cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05478.x","article-title":"Nutritional factors and vertical transmission of HIV-1. Epidemiology and potential mechanisms","volume":"918","author":"Fawzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0046|cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq080","article-title":"Maternal postpartum vitamin Asupplementation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in infancy: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"39","author":"Gogia","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0047|cit47","unstructured":"McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime) GRADEpro GDT 2015"},{"issue":"3537","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0048|cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.3537.691","article-title":"Vitamin A as an anti-infective agent","volume":"2","author":"Green","year":"1928","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0049|cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199703110-00010","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency and maternal-infant transmission of HIV in two metropolitan areas in the United States","volume":"11","author":"Greenberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"7650","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0050|cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0051|cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2380","article-title":"A modified test for small study effects in meta-analysis of controlled trials with binary endpoints","volume":"25","author":"Harbord","year":"2006","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0052|cit52","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Green S editor(s) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from handbook.cochrane.org"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0053|cit53","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Lasserson T Chandler J Tovey D Churchill R Methodological Expectations of Cochrane InterventionReviews. Cochrane: London, 2016 http:\/\/methods.cochrane.org\/sites\/default\/files\/public\/uploads\/mecir_printed_booklet_final.pdf"},{"issue":"7331","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0054|cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7331.218","article-title":"What can we do to reduce mother to child transmission of HIV?","volume":"324","author":"McIntyre","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9222","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0055|cit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02415-6","article-title":"Advances and research directions in the prevention of mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission","volume":"355","author":"Mofenson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0056|cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0057|cit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000224571.30119.3d","article-title":"Children born to HIV-1-infected women in Sweden in 1982-2003: trends in epidemiology and vertical transmission","volume":"42","author":"Nav\u00e9r","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0058|cit58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90413-9","article-title":"Vertical transmission of HIV-1 infection","volume":"94","author":"Newell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0059|cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005479","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of cesarean delivery for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1","author":"Read","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0060|cit60","unstructured":"Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager 5 (RevMan 5) 2014"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0061|cit61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.10.9.8801180","article-title":"Vitamin A and retinoids in antiviral responses","volume":"10","author":"Ross","year":"1996","journal-title":"FASEB Journal"},{"issue":"8913","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0062|cit62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)93056-2","article-title":"Maternal vitamin A deficiency and mother to child transmission of HIV-1","volume":"343","author":"Semba","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0063|cit63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.4.966","article-title":"Infant mortality and vitamin A deficiency during human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"21","author":"Semba","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1 Pt 2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0064|cit64","first-page":"S38","article-title":"The role of vitamin A and related carotenoids in immune function","volume":"56","author":"Semba","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nutrition Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0065|cit65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658S-65S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.005777","article-title":"Vitamin A: biomarkers of nutrition for development","volume":"94","author":"Tanumihardjo","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0066|cit66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2012.01284.x","article-title":"Vitamin A and carotenoids during pregnancy and maternal, neonatal and infant health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Thorne-Lyman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0067|cit67","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS) World Health Orgnanization AIDS epidemic update http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/facts\/en\/isbn9291731323.pdf"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0068|cit68","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS) Fact sheet 2016 http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/20150901_FactSheet_2015_en.pdf"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0069|cit69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e361","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(16)30087-X","article-title":"Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0070|cit70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-225-2:267","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency","volume-title":"Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries","author":"West","year":"2001"},{"issue":"9 Suppl","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0071|cit71","first-page":"2857S-66S","article-title":"Extent of vitamin A deficiency among preschool children and women of reproductive age","volume":"132","author":"West","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0072|cit72","unstructured":"World Health Organization Safe vitamin A dosage during pregnancy and lactation: Recommendations and report of a consultation. 1998 http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/63838\/1\/WHO_NUT_98.4_eng.pdf?ua=1"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0073|cit73","unstructured":"WHO Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk 1995-2005. WHO Global Database on Vitamin A deficiency. 2009 http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/44110\/1\/9789241598019_eng.pdf"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0074|cit74","unstructured":"World Health Organization Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV. September 2015 Available at http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/guidelines\/earlyrelease-arv\/en\/"},{"issue":"9508","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0075|cit75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68133-6","article-title":"Accelerated measles control in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"367","author":"Wiysonge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0076|cit76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647-50","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.6.1647","article-title":"The discovery of the visual function of vitamin A","volume":"131","author":"Wolf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0077|cit77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.2.455S","article-title":"Vitamin A and embryonic development: an overview","volume":"128","author":"Zile","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0078|cit78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2008.08.023","article-title":"A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of prenatal and postnatal vitamin A supplementation of HIV-infected women","volume":"104","author":"Kongnyuy","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0079|cit79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection","author":"Shey Wiysonge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0080|cit80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub2","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection","author":"Wiysonge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4-BIB0081|cit81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub3","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection","author":"Wiysonge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T22:39:08Z","timestamp":1700606348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD003648.pub4"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"name":"Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd003648.pub4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-1858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-1858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]]}}}