{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:36:02Z","timestamp":1793140562889,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd004157","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,18]],"date-time":"2012-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1334707200000}}],"reference-count":218,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com","cochranelibrary.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd004157.pub2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,12]],"date-time":"2012-04-12T19:31:33Z","timestamp":1334259093000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Treatment for cramps in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis\/motor neuron disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Reto","family":"Baldinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kantonsspital St. Gallen; Muskelzentrum\/ALS Clinic; Greithstrasse 20 St. Gallen Switzerland 9007"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans Dieter","family":"Katzberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto Toronto General Hospital \/ UHN; 200 Elizabeth Street 5EC-306 Toronto Canada ON M5G 2C4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kantonsspital St. Gallen; Muskelzentrum\/ALS Clinic; Greithstrasse 20 St. Gallen Switzerland 9007"},{"name":"University Hospital Basel; Department of Neurology; Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0001|cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199403033300901","article-title":"A controlled trial of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"330","author":"Bensimon","year":"1994","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0002|cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150200071","article-title":"A study of riluzole in the treatment of advanced stage or elderly patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"249","author":"Bensimon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0003|cit3","first-page":"1469","article-title":"Short-term double-blind drug vs placebo trial of L-threonine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. [French]","volume":"18","author":"Blin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Presse Medicale"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0004|cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00862977","article-title":"A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of L-threonine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"239","author":"Blin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0005|cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000142042.50528.2F","article-title":"Treatment of pseudobulbar affect in ALS with dextromethorphan\/quinidine: A randomized trial","volume":"63","author":"Brooks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0006|cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181ed9e7c","article-title":"Lithium carbonate in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: lack of efficacy in a dose-finding trial","volume":"75","author":"Chi\u00f2","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0007|cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Carvalho M Pinto S Costa J Evangelista T Ohana B Pinto A A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of memantine for functional disability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 2010 456\u201360","DOI":"10.3109\/17482968.2010.498521"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0008|cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/146608201300079364","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Desnuelle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders"},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0009|cit9","first-page":"1472","article-title":"A double-blind placebo-controlled study of branched chain amino acids and L-threonine for the short-term treatment of signs and symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. [French]","volume":"68","author":"Gil","year":"1992","journal-title":"Semaine des Hopitaux"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0010|cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10554","article-title":"A randomized sequential trial of creatine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"53","author":"Groeneveld","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"9013","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0011|cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91680-3","article-title":"Dose-ranging study of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"347","author":"Lacomblez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6 SUPPL 4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0012|cit12","first-page":"S242","article-title":"A confirmatory dose-ranging study of riluzole in ALS","volume":"47","author":"Lacomblez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0013|cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/14660820410019602","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of xaliproden in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Results of two phase III trials","volume":"5","author":"Meininger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0014|cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.6.1383","article-title":"Placebo-controlled trial of gabapentin in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.","volume":"47","author":"Miller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0015|cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.7.843","article-title":"Phase III randomized trial of gabapentin in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"56","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0016|cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1979.00500470085019","article-title":"Trial of baclofen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Norris","year":"1979","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0017|cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/17482960802028890","article-title":"Creatine monohydrate in ALS: effects on strength, fatigue, respiratory status and ALSFRS","volume":"9","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2008","journal-title":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0018|cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000156913.24701.72","article-title":"A pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of indinavir in patients with ALS","volume":"64","author":"Scelsa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0019|cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.200642","article-title":"Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) for cramps in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind crossover trial","volume":"81","author":"Weber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0020|cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggarwal SP Zinman L Simpson E McKinley J Jackson KE Pinto H Safety and efficacy of lithium in combination with riluzole for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Lancet Neurology 2010 481 8","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70068-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0021|cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(94)00225-D","article-title":"3,4-Diaminopyridine as a treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"129","author":"Aisen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0022|cit22","first-page":"105","article-title":"The effects of exercise therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients","volume":"13","author":"Aksu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fizyoterapi Rehabilitasyon"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0023|cit23","unstructured":"Aksu S Kurne A Tan E The effects of exercises on fatigue and muscle cramp in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 3rd World Congress in Neurological Rehabilitation; 2002 April 2-6; Venice 2002"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0024|cit24","first-page":"1244","article-title":"A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of subcutaneous recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor (rHCNTF) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ALS CNTF Treatment Study Group","volume":"5","author":"ALSCNTF","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0025|cit25","unstructured":"Apostolski S Marinkovi\u0107 Z Nikoli\u0107 A Blagojevi\u0107 D Spasi\u0107 MB Michelson AM Glutathione peroxidase in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: the effects of selenium supplementation Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology 1998 325 9"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0026|cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520280027011","article-title":"A double-blind study of the effectiveness of cyclosporine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Appel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0027|cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1986.tb04610.x","article-title":"Cholinesterase inhibitors lack therapeutic effect in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A controlled study of physostigmine versus neostigmine","volume":"73","author":"Aquilonius","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0028|cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armon C Brandstater M E Peterson G W Motor unit number estimates and quantitative muscle strength measurements of distal muscles in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Muscle & Nerve 1997 499 501","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199704)20:4<499::AID-MUS14>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0029|cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.2.197","article-title":"A pilot trial of dextromethorphan in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"56","author":"Askmark","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0030|cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.7.1427","article-title":"A controlled trial of recombinant methionyl human BDNF in ALS","volume":"52","author":"The BDNF Study Group","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0031|cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.12.2466","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A treatment failure? The Italian ALS Study Group","volume":"43","author":"Beghi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0032|cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.2.469","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of recombinant interferon beta-1a in ALS","volume":"54","author":"Beghi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0033|cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000264418.92308.a4","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of resistance exercise in individuals with ALS","volume":"68","author":"Bello-Haas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0034|cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2007.00643.x","article-title":"Acute action of aminophylline in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"115","author":"Berto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0035|cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1989.tb46716.x","article-title":"Increased fiber density after subcutaneous TRH in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. A placebo and low-dose controlled study","volume":"553","author":"Biletch","year":"1989","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0036|cit36","unstructured":"Blin O Desnuelle C Guelton C Aubrespy G Ardissone JP Crevat A [Anomaly in the neurotransmitter amino acids in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a therapeutic application] Revue Neurologique 1991 392 4"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0037|cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199619020-00009","article-title":"A controlled one-year trial of dextromethorphan in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Blin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0038|cit38","unstructured":"Borasio GD De Jong JM Emile J Guiloff R Jerusalem F Leigh N Insulin-like growth factor I in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: results of the European multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled trial Journal of Neurology 1996 S26"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0039|cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.2.583","article-title":"A placebo-controlled trial of insulin-like growth factor-I in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"51","author":"Borasio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0040|cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70326-4","article-title":"Effects of non-invasive ventilation on survival and quality of life in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Bourke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0041|cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.8.1079","article-title":"A double-blind controlled trial of bovine brain gangliosides in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Bradley","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0042|cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brody JA Chen KM Yase Y Holden EM Morris CE Inosiplex and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Therapeutic trial in patients on Guam Archives of Neurology 1974 322 3","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1974.00490340050011"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0043|cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.2.146","article-title":"Controlled trial of thyrotropin releasing hormone in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Brooke","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0044|cit44","unstructured":"Brooks BR Sufit RL Beaulieu DA Erickson LM Montgomery GK Peters HA Intravenous (10 mg\/kg) thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) administration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): decreased loss of muscle strength in TRH-treated patients during parallel-placebo controlled pilot study Journal of Neurology 1985 264"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0045|cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)30939-3","article-title":"Intravenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Dose-response and randomized concurrent placebo-controlled pilot studies","volume":"5","author":"Brooks","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurologic Clinics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0046|cit46","unstructured":"Brooks B R Madison W I Phase II-III double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial of subcutaneous administration of recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor (rHCNTF) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Neurology 1995 A448"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0047|cit47","unstructured":"Brooks BR Sanjak M Belden DS Roelke KA Parnell JH Delayed early loss of arm computerized isometric muscle strength (CIMS) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): a randomized, placebo-controlled ancillary study to the phase 3 clinical trials of SR57746A-xaliproden in patients treated and not-treated with riluzole conducted by the SR57746A-Xaliproden International ALS Study Group Neurology 2001 A156"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0048|cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.2.141","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of TRH in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Caroscio","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0049|cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/104990910502200112","article-title":"Modafinil to treat fatigue in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: an open label pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Carter","year":"2005","journal-title":"The American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0050|cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(97)00237-2","article-title":"Performance of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional rating scale (ALSFRS) in multicenter clinical trials","volume":"152","author":"Cedarbaum","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0051|cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chi\u00f2 A Cucatto A Terreni AA Schiffer D Reduced glutathione in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: an open, crossover, randomized trial Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences 1998 363 6","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02341783"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0052|cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02339903","article-title":"Protirelin tartrate (TRH-T) in upper motoneuron syndrome: A controlled neurophysiological and clinical study","volume":"15","author":"Civardi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0053|cit53","unstructured":"Conrad J Clough J Sufit R L Brooks B R Isokinetic Assessment of muscle torque in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients after administration of saline and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (trh) Neurology 1985 73"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0054|cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.61.4.456","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"61","author":"Cudkowicz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0055|cit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20903","article-title":"Trial of celecoxib in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"60","author":"Cudkowicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0056|cit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21059","article-title":"Arimoclomol at dosages up to 300 mg\/day is well tolerated and safe in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Cudkowicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Muscle & Nerve"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0057|cit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(98)00201-9","article-title":"Riluzole has no acute effect on motor unit parameters in ALS","volume":"160","author":"Desai","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0058|cit58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.08.069","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for ALS. A preliminary controlled study","volume":"408","author":"Lazzaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0059|cit59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410350205","article-title":"Trial of immunosuppression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using total lymphoid irradiation","volume":"35","author":"Drachman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0060|cit60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(01)00610-4","article-title":"The value of muscle exercise in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"191","author":"Drory","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0061|cit61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drory VE Gross D No effect of creatine on respiratory distress in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders 2002 43 6","DOI":"10.1080\/146608202317576534"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0062|cit62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eckland DJ Lightman S Nagendaen K Guiloff R The endocrine manifestations of high doses of a thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) analogue, RX77368, in patients with motor neurone disease (MND) [abstract] Clinical Science 1986 15","DOI":"10.1042\/cs070015P"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0063|cit63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100048204","article-title":"Anti-glutamate therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A trial using lamotrigine","volume":"20","author":"Eisen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0064|cit64","unstructured":"Ellis T Cudkowicz ME McKenna-Yasek D Eggelston PM Brown RH Cros D Combination antioxidant therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Neurology 1997 A127"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0065|cit65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fareed GC Tyler HR The use of isoprinosine in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Neurology 1971 937 40","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.21.9.937"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0066|cit66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1990.10.221","article-title":"Disturbance of the water and electrolyte balance during high-dose interferon treatment","volume":"10","author":"Farkkila","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Interferon Research"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0067|cit67","first-page":"4","article-title":"High-dose alpha-interferon treatment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Farkkila","year":"1996","journal-title":"Botechnologia Aplicada"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0068|cit68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.1999.650597.x","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid filtration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Finsterer","year":"1999","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0069|cit69","unstructured":"Gelinas D Individual patient data (as supplied February 22 2009) Data on file"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0070|cit70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.58.2.201","article-title":"Continuous response variable trial design in motor neuron disease: Long term treatment with a TRH analogue (RX77368)","volume":"58","author":"Goonetilleke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0071|cit71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000125321.92112.7E","article-title":"Placebo-controlled phase I\/II studies of minocycline in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"62","author":"Gordon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0072|cit72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1017\/S1748232105000078","article-title":"Early phase trials of minocycline in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Gordon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Progress in Neurotherapeutics and Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0073|cit73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000204235.81272.e2","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of glatiramer acetate in ALS","volume":"66","author":"Gordon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0074|cit74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70270-3","article-title":"Efficacy of minocycline in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a phase III randomised trial","volume":"6","author":"Gordon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0075|cit75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/17482960802195632","article-title":"A novel, efficient, randomized selection trial comparing combinations of drug therapy for ALS","volume":"9","author":"Gordon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0076|cit76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-004-0220-1","article-title":"High dose vitamin E therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as add-on therapy to riluzole: Results of a placebo-controlled double-blind study","volume":"112","author":"Graf","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0077|cit77","unstructured":"Gredal O Werdelin L Bak S Christensen PB Bosen G Kristenses MO A clinical trial of dextromethorphan in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [abstract] European Journal of Neurology 1996 132"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0078|cit78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1997.tb00231.x","article-title":"A clinical trial of dextromethorphan in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"96","author":"Gredal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0079|cit79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-817917","article-title":"Few adverse effects of long-term creatine supplementation in a placebo-controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Groeneveld","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0080|cit80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.10.1359","article-title":"Controlled acute trial of a thyrotrophin releasing hormone analogue (RX77368) in motor neuron disease","volume":"50","author":"Guiloff","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0081|cit81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guiloff RJ Stalberg E Eckland DJ Lightman SL Electrophysiological observations in patients with motor neuron disease receiving a thyrotropin releasing hormone analogue (RX77368) Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 1987 1633 40","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.12.1633"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0082|cit82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hallett M Harrington H Tyler HR Flood T Slater N Trials of ganglioside therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and diabetic neuropathy Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1984 575 9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-1200-0_48"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0083|cit83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.8.1083","article-title":"Ganglioside therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A double-blind controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Harrington","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0084|cit84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.4.715","article-title":"Treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with the TRH analog DN-1417","volume":"37","author":"Hawley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0085|cit85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-8966(93)90025-F","article-title":"Evaluation of electrophysiological and clinical tests in an exploratory trial of Org 2766 in motor neuron disease","volume":"3","author":"Hesselmans","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuromuscular Disorders"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0086|cit86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoagland RJ Mendoza M Armon C Barohn RJ Bryan WW Goodpasture JC Reliability of maximal voluntary isometric contraction testing in a multicenter study of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Syntex\/Synergen Neuroscience Joint Venture rhCNTF ALS Study Group Muscle & Nerve 1997 691 5","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199706)20:6<691::AID-MUS5>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0087|cit87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.8.1532","article-title":"Elevated plasma glucagon in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"42","author":"Hubbard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0088|cit88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.47.12.1332","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A double-blind crossover trial of thyrotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"47","author":"Imoto","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0089|cit89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(01)00617-7","article-title":"A preliminary evaluation of a prospective study of pulmonary function studies and symptoms of hypoventilation in ALS\/MND patients","volume":"191","author":"Jackson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0090|cit90","unstructured":"Janik P Kwiecinski H Jamrozik Z Czyzewski K Opuchlik A A randomised trial of antioxidative therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Journal of Neurology 1996 S25"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0091|cit91","first-page":"237","article-title":"Double blind cross over trial with deprenyl in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"41","author":"Jossan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission, Supplement"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0092|cit92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199812)21:12<1775::AID-MUS22>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Effect of ultrahigh-dose methylcobalamin on compound muscle action potentials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a double-blind controlled study","volume":"21","author":"Kaji","year":"1998","journal-title":"Muscle & Nerve"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0093|cit93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/14660820310006689","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled evaluation of corticoneuronal response to intrathecal BDNF therapy in ALS using magnetic resonance spectroscopy: feasibility and results","volume":"4","author":"Kalra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0094|cit94","first-page":"144","article-title":"A comparative study of the i.v. Ig therapeutic effect in the course of ALS","volume":"11","author":"Karageorgiou","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0095|cit95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufmann P Thompson JL Levy G Buchsbaum R Shefner J Krivickas LS Phase II trial of CoQ10 for ALS finds insufficient evidence to justify phase III Annals of Neurology 2009 235 44","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21743"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0096|cit96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/1478271520083801016","article-title":"Failure of a minocycline trial in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Kelly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0097|cit97","unstructured":"Kodama M Kaji R Kohara N Imamura A Inui K Kimura J Double-blind controlled crossover trial of ultra-high dose methylcobalamin for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Neurology 2000 A255"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0098|cit98","unstructured":"Kwiecinski H Janik P Jamrozik Z Opuchlik A [The effect of selegiline and vitamin E in the treatment of ALS: an open randomized clinical trials] Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska 2001 101 6"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0099|cit99","unstructured":"Lacomblez L Bensimon G Bouche P Meininger V Ganglioside therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a double-blind controlled trial Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 1989 467"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0100|cit100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.12.1635","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of high doses of gangliosides in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Lacomblez","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0101|cit101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/146608202317576507","article-title":"Long-term safety of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Lacomblez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0102|cit102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/14660820410018973","article-title":"Xaliproden in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: early clinical trials","volume":"5","author":"Lacomblez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0103|cit103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.6.1621","article-title":"Effect of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I on progression of ALS: A placebo-controlled study","volume":"49","author":"Lai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4 SUPPL.","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0104|cit104","first-page":"S93","article-title":"Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I in ALS: Description of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"47","author":"Lange","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0105|cit105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.1.93","article-title":"Selegiline is ineffective in a collaborative double-blind, placebo- controlled trial for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"55","author":"Lange","year":"1998","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0106|cit106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000237439.78935.46","article-title":"High-frequency chest wall oscillation in ALS: An exploratory randomized, controlled trial","volume":"67","author":"Lange","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0107|cit107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauria G Campanella A Filippini G Martini A Penza P Maggi L Erythropoietin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and tolerability Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 2009 410 5","DOI":"10.3109\/17482960902995246"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0108|cit108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000230561.21579.ad","article-title":"Pentoxifylline in ALS: A double-blind, randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"66","author":"Levin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0109|cit109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000201182.60750.66","article-title":"A two-stage design for a phase II clinical trial of coenzyme Q10 in ALS","volume":"66","author":"Levy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0110|cit110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.61.9.1279","article-title":"A randomized trial of botulinum toxin A for treatment of drooling","volume":"61","author":"Lipp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0111|cit111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liversedge L A Glycocyamine and betaine in motor-neurone disease Lancet 1956 1136 8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(56)90154-4"},{"issue":"Suppl 11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0112|cit112","first-page":"S63, Abstract n","article-title":"Double-blind, placebo controlled safety study of ritonavir and hydroxyurea in patients with ALS","volume":"62","author":"Lomen-Hoerth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0113|cit113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1995.00540300031009","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of acetylcysteine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"52","author":"Louwerse","year":"1995","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0114|cit114","unstructured":"Markland C An evaluation of the efficacy of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor (rhIGF-I) in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Abstract) Journal of Neurology 1997 93"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0115|cit115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00863772","article-title":"An open-randomized clinical trial of selegiline in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"241","author":"Mazzini","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0116|cit116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(98)00199-3","article-title":"The natural history and the effects of gabapentin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"160","author":"Mazzini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0117|cit117","first-page":"302","article-title":"Unpublished report: Controlled trial of riluzole in patients with advanced ALS","volume":"54272","author":"Meininger","year":"1995","journal-title":"RP 54272-302"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0118|cit118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000191326.40772.62","article-title":"Pentoxifylline in ALS: A double-blind, randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"66","author":"Meininger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0119|cit119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meininger V Drory VE Leigh PN Ludolph A Robberecht W Silani V Glatiramer acetate has no impact on disease progression in ALS at 40 mg\/day: a double- blind, randomized, multicentre, placebo-controlled trial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 2009 378 83","DOI":"10.1080\/17482960902803432"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0120|cit120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0756-3","article-title":"Thalidomide causes sinus bradycardia in ALS","volume":"255","author":"Meyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0121|cit121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.5.1329","article-title":"Toxicity and tolerability of recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Miller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0122|cit122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390215","article-title":"A placebo-controlled trial of recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic (rhCNTF) factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Miller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0123|cit123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-8966(95)00024-0","article-title":"Controlled trial of nimodipine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Miller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuromuscular Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0124|cit124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880190405","article-title":"A clinical trial of verapamil in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Miller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Muscle & Nerve"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0125|cit125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000269676.07319.09","article-title":"Phase II\/III randomized trial of TCH346 in patients with ALS","volume":"69","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0126|cit126","first-page":"233","article-title":"Serial studies of free radical and antioxidant activity in motor neurone disease and the effect of selegiline","volume":"4","author":"Mitchell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurodegeneration"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0127|cit127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.2.152","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Effects of acute intravenous and chronic subcutaneous administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in controlled trials","volume":"36","author":"Mitsumoto","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0128|cit128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.31.8.1054","article-title":"Amantadine and guanidine are ineffective in ALS","volume":"31","author":"Munsat","year":"1981","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0129|cit129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)30940-X","article-title":"Intrathecal thyrotropin-releasing hormone in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Munsat","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurologic Clinics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0130|cit130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.5.1049","article-title":"Intrathecal thyrotropin-releasing hormone does not alter the progressive course of ALS: Experience with an intrathecal drug delivery system","volume":"42","author":"Munsat","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0131|cit131","unstructured":"Murphy MF Felice K Gawel M Gelinas D Kratz R Lai E A double blind placebo controlled study of myotrophin (CEP 151) in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Annals of Neurology 1995 335"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0132|cit132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1179\/016164105X39860","article-title":"Beneficial effects of intrathecal IGF-1 administration in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Nagano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurological Research"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0133|cit133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nefussy B Artamonov I Deutsch V Naparstek E Nagler A Drory VE Recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor administration for treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot study Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 2010 187 93","DOI":"10.3109\/17482960902933809"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0134|cit134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.24.8.721","article-title":"The administration of guanidine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Norris","year":"1974","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0135|cit135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.9.1263","article-title":"Trial of octacosanol in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Norris","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0136|cit136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1993.206","article-title":"Trial of oral physostigmine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"54","author":"Norris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0137|cit137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ochs G Penn RD York M Giess R Beck M Tonn J A phase I\/II trial of recombinant methionyl human brain derived neurotrophic factor administered by intrathecal infusion to patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders 2000 201 6","DOI":"10.1080\/14660820050515197"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0138|cit138","first-page":"999","article-title":"Reliability and factorial structure of a rating scale for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. [Japanese]","volume":"48","author":"Oda","year":"1996","journal-title":"No To Shinkei"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0139|cit139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olarte MR Gersten JC Zabriskie J Rowland LP Transfer factor is ineffective in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Annals of Neurology 1979 385 8","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410050413"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0140|cit140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.7.1063","article-title":"Levamisole is ineffective in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Olarte","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0141|cit141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.28.12.1293","article-title":"Therapeutic trial of tilorone in ALS: lack of benefit in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"28","author":"Olson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0142|cit142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"On AY Oncu J Uludag B Ertekin C Effects of lamotrigine on the symptoms and life qualities of patients with post polio syndrome: a randomized, controlled study Neurorehabilitation 2005 245 51","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2005-20402"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0143|cit143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20828","article-title":"Randomized, controlled trial of dextromethorphan\/quinidine for pseudobulbar affect in multiple sclerosis","volume":"59","author":"Panitch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0144|cit144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pascuzzi RM Shefner J Chappell AS Bjerke JS Tamura R Chaudhry V A phase II trial of talampanel in subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 2010 266 71","DOI":"10.3109\/17482960903307805"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0145|cit145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Percy AK Davis LE Johnston DM Drachman DB Failure of isoprinosine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis The New England journal of medicine 1971 689","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197109162851213"},{"issue":"11 Suppl 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0146|cit146","first-page":"A192, Abstract","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled, sequential trial of valproic acid in ALS","volume":"70","author":"Piepers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0147|cit147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piepers S Veldink JH De Jong SW Van der Tweel I Van der Pol WL Uijtendaal EV Randomized sequential trial of valproic acid in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Annals of Neurology 2009 227 34","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21620"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0148|cit148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pioro EP Brooks BR Cummings J Schiffer R Thisted RA Wynn D Dextromethorphan plus ultra low-dose quinidine reduces pseudobulbar affect Annnals of Neurology 2010 693\u2013702","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22093"},{"issue":"8593","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0149|cit149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)91841-7","article-title":"Pilot trial of branched-chain amino acids in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Plaitakis","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0150|cit150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-005-0474-x","article-title":"Minocycline in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A pilot study","volume":"26","author":"Pontieri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0151|cit151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(94)90294-1","article-title":"Reversible cognitive decline during high-dose alpha-interferon treatment","volume":"47","author":"Poutiainen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0152|cit152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21245","article-title":"Modafinil treatment of fatigue in patients with ALS: A placebo-controlled study","volume":"39","author":"Rabkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Muscle & Nerve"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0153|cit153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199512000-00004","article-title":"A phase I study of recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor (rHCNTF) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS CNTF Treatment Study Group","volume":"18","author":"Cedarbaum","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0154|cit154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.5.1244","article-title":"A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of subcutaneous recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor (rHCNTF) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"46","author":"ALS CNTF Treatment Study Group","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0155|cit155","unstructured":"Rivera VM Grabois M Deathon W Breitbach W Hines M Modified snake venoms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): a controlled study using objective parameters Neurology 1979 612"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0156|cit156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1980.00500530039003","article-title":"Modified snake venom in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lack of clinical effectiveness","volume":"37","author":"Rivera","year":"1980","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0157|cit157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(91)90059-8","article-title":"L-threonine as a symptomatic treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)","volume":"34","author":"Roufs","year":"1991","journal-title":"Medical Hypotheses"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0158|cit158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2003.00111.x","article-title":"A double-blind randomized clinical trial in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using lamotrigine: effects on CSF glutamate, aspartate, branched-chain amino acid levels and clinical parameters","volume":"108","author":"Ryberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0159|cit159","unstructured":"Sacca F Quarantelli M Rinaldi C Tucci T Piro R Carotenuto B A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of growth hormone as add-on therapy to riluzole in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: preliminary MRS, hormonal, and population analysis Neurology 2009 A36, Abstract no: P07.164"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0160|cit160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2006.04.025","article-title":"Etidronate for fracture prevention in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"39","author":"Sato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0161|cit161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000142992.81995.F0","article-title":"A clinical trial of creatine in ALS","volume":"63","author":"Shefner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0162|cit162","first-page":"108","article-title":"Treatment of ALS with bromocriptine does not improve muscle strength","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"1986","journal-title":"Muscle & Nerve"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0163|cit163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith RA Melmed S Sherman B Frane J Munsat TL Festoff BW Recombinant growth hormone treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Muscle & Nerve 1993 624 33","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880160608"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0164|cit164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.05.003","article-title":"Riluzole and d-amphetamine interactions in humans","volume":"32","author":"Sofuoglu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0165|cit165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000335970.78664.36","article-title":"Subcutaneous IGF-1 is not beneficial in 2-year ALS trial","volume":"71","author":"Sorenson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0166|cit166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/17482960701547875","article-title":"Negative results of a phase II study of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Steele","year":"2007","journal-title":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0167|cit167","unstructured":"Strevic Z Nicolic A Blagjevic D Saicia ZS Apostolski S Spasic M A controlled trial of combination of methionine and antioxidants in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Proceedings ALS\/MND International Alliance Meeting, Munich, Germany 1998"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0168|cit168","unstructured":"Szczudlik A Tomik B Slowik A Kasprzyk K [Assessment of the efficacy of treatment with pimozide in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Introductory notes] Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska 1998 821 9"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0169|cit169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.5.1220","article-title":"A controlled trial of amine acid therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: I. Clinical, functional, and maximum isometric torque data","volume":"47","author":"Tandan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0170|cit170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Testa D Caraceni T Fetoni V Branched-chain amino acids in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Journal of Neurology 1989 445 7","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00328503"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0171|cit171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-8467(92)90110-O","article-title":"Chronic treatment with L-threonine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot study","volume":"94","author":"Testa","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0172|cit172","unstructured":"Tyler HR Modified snake venom therapy in motor neuron disease: a double-blind study Neurology 1978 372"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0173|cit173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyler HR Double-blind study of modified neurotoxin in motor neuron disease Neurology 1979 77 81","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.29.1.77"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0174|cit174","first-page":"851","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of riluzole in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: double-blind placebo-controlled study in Japan","volume":"182","author":"Yanagisawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Igakuno Ayumi"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0175|cit175","first-page":"161","article-title":"The randomized open clinical trial on a novel free radical scavenger edaravone in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. [Chinese]","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology and Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0176|cit176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199410000-00004","article-title":"Can nimodipine affect progression of motor neuron disease? A double-blind pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Ziv","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0177|cit177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-005-0501-y","article-title":"Classification of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases at presentation in epidemiological studies","volume":"26","author":"Zoccolella","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0178|cit178","unstructured":"Randomised crossover design trial of vitamin E vs placebo for treatment of cramps in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Ongoing study December 2006"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0179|cit179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1990.290","article-title":"Multicenter trial of L-carnitine in maintenance hemodialysis patients. II. Clinical and biochemical effects","volume":"38","author":"Ahmad","year":"1990","journal-title":"Kidney International"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0180|cit180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.5.929","article-title":"Motor neuron 'bistability'. A pathogenetic mechanism for cramps and myokymia","volume":"117","author":"Baldissera","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0181|cit181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/17482960802430773","article-title":"Open-label pilot trial of levetiracetam for cramps and spasticity in patients with motor neuron disease","volume":"10","author":"Bedlack","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0182|cit182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410330207","article-title":"The influence of muscular lengthening on cramps","volume":"33","author":"Bertolasi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0183|cit183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(94)90191-0","article-title":"El Escorial World Federation of Neurology criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Subcommittee on Motor Neuron Diseases\/Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis of the World Federation of Neurology Research Group on Neuromuscular Diseases and the El Escorial \"Clinical limits of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis\" workshop contributors","volume":"124 Suppl","author":"Brooks","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0184|cit184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/146608200300079536","article-title":"El Escorial revisited: revised criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Brooks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron disorders : official publication of the World Federation of Neurology, Research Group on Motor Neuron Diseases"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0185|cit185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1177\/009127009803801210","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the safety and efficacy of vitamin B complex in the treatment of nocturnal leg cramps in elderly patients with hypertension","volume":"38","author":"Chan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0186|cit186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1992.00400210099016","article-title":"Treatment of nocturnal leg cramps. A crossover trial of quinine vs vitamin E","volume":"152","author":"Connolly","year":"1992","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0187|cit187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(53)90090-4","article-title":"Clinical problems in neuromuscular physiology","volume":"15","author":"Denny-Brown","year":"1953","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0188|cit188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005044","article-title":"Quinine for muscle cramps","author":"El-Tawil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0189|cit189","unstructured":"Food Drug Administration (FDA) FDA orders unapproved quinine drugs from the market and cautions consumers about \u2018off-label\u2019 use of quinine to treat leg cramps http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/NewsEvents\/Newsroom\/PressAnnouncements\/2006\/ucm108799.htm 2006 website accessed 31 Oct 2010"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0190|cit190","unstructured":"Food Drug Administration (FDA) New risk management plan and patient medication guide for Qualaquin (quinine sulfate) http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Drugs\/DrugSafety\/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders\/ucm218202.htm 2010 website last accessed 29 February 2012, website last edited by the FDA 7 August 2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0191|cit191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1080\/14660820310017344","article-title":"A survey of clinicians' practice in the symptomatic treatment of ALS","volume":"4","author":"Forshew","year":"2003","journal-title":"Amyotrophic Lateral Slerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders: official publication of the World Federation of Neurology, Research Group on Motor Neuron Diseases"},{"issue":"9061","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0192|cit192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)62541-X","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of hydroquinine in muscle cramps","volume":"349","author":"Fowler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0193|cit193","first-page":"868","article-title":"Magnesium for the treatment of nocturnal leg cramps: a crossover randomized trial","volume":"48","author":"Frusso","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Family Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0194|cit194","first-page":"42","article-title":"Placebo-controlled trial of quinine therapy for nocturnal leg cramps","volume":"151","author":"Fung","year":"1989","journal-title":"Western Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0195|cit195","first-page":"167","article-title":"[Treatment of nocturnal leg cramps. A multicenter, double blind, placebo controlled comparison between the combination of quinine and theophylline ethylene diamine with quinine]","volume":"41","author":"Gorlich","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0196|cit196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00313868","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A study of its presentation and prognosis","volume":"232","author":"Gubbay","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"8, Suppl 3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0197|cit197","first-page":"A199","article-title":"The spectrum of patient symptoms in ALS and symptom management","volume":"56","author":"Heiman-Patterson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0198|cit198","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Green S (editors) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0199|cit199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(94)90294-1","article-title":"Efficacy of hydroquinine in preventing frequent ordinary muscle cramp outlasts actual administration","volume":"122","author":"Jansen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"9051","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0200|cit200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)80085-2","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of hydroquinine in muscle cramps","volume":"349","author":"Jansen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0201|cit201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/16.7.1448","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of supplementary vitamins E, C and their combination for treatment of haemodialysis cramps","volume":"16","author":"Khajehdehi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0202|cit202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.1.56","article-title":"Excitability properties of motor axons in patients with spontaneous motor unit activity","volume":"70","author":"Kiernan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0203|cit203","first-page":"23","article-title":"Diagnostic implications of clinical fasciculation and cramps","volume":"36","author":"Layzer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Advances in Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0204|cit204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880171102","article-title":"The origin of muscle fasciculations and cramps","volume":"17","author":"Layzer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Muscle & Nerve"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0205|cit205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(91)90944-7","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of quinidine in the treatment of cirrhotic patients with muscle cramps","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0206|cit206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.1998.00182.x","article-title":"Quinine for nocturnal leg cramps: a meta-analysis including unpublished data","volume":"13","author":"Man-Son-Hing","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0207|cit207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181bc01a4","article-title":"Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: multidisciplinary care, symptom management, and cognitive\/behavioral impairment (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"73","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0208|cit208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(97)90168-4","article-title":"Gabapentin for relief of upper motor neuron symptoms in multiple sclerosis","volume":"78","author":"Mueller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0209|cit209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(57)90118-9","article-title":"An electromyographic study of induced and spontaneous muscle cramps","volume":"9","author":"Norris","year":"1957","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0210|cit210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880161113","article-title":"Muscle cramp as the result of impaired GABA function--an electrophysiological and pharmacological observation","volume":"16","author":"Obi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Muscle & Nerve"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0211|cit211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2000.102006359.x","article-title":"Afterdischarge activity in neuropathic patients with frequent muscle cramps","volume":"102","author":"Parisi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0212|cit212","first-page":"405","article-title":"Activation of renin-angiotensin system does not cause skeletal muscle cramps during hemodialysis","volume":"28","author":"Piergies","year":"1990","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy and Toxicology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0213|cit213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.88.5.1698","article-title":"Possible mechanisms of muscle cramp from temporal and spatial surface EMG characteristics","volume":"88","author":"Roeleveld","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0214|cit214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/118.4.983","article-title":"Human motor unit activity during induced muscle cramp","volume":"118 ( Pt 4)","author":"Ross","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0215|cit215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200001000-00008","article-title":"Gabapentin treatment for muscle cramps: an open-label trial","volume":"23","author":"Serrao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0216|cit216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1994.159","article-title":"Low-dose prazosin in patients with muscle cramps during hemodialysis","volume":"56","author":"Sidhom","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0217|cit217","first-page":"3","article-title":"Clinical features and diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","author":"Swash","year":"2000"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2-BIB0218|cit218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000121","article-title":"Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy (Cochrane Review)","author":"Young","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/wol1\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2\/fullpdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T10:14:44Z","timestamp":1748340884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004157.pub2"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"name":"Cochrane Neuromuscular Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,18]]},"references-count":218,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd004157.pub2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-1858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-1858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,18]]}}}