{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T02:17:20Z","timestamp":1793413040877,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd004333.pub2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,23]],"date-time":"2008-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1201046400000}}],"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com","cochranelibrary.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd004333.pub3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,5]],"date-time":"2008-02-05T20:11:33Z","timestamp":1202242293000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":184,"title":["Helmets for preventing injury in motorcycle riders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2010","author":[{"given":"Bette C","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford; Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit; Roosevelt Drive Richard Doll Building Oxford UK OX3 7LF"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Ivers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for International Health; Injury and Musculoskeletal Division; PO Box M201 Missenden Road Sydney NSW Australia 2050"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for International Health; Level 24, Maritime Trade Towers 207 Kent Street Sydney NSW Australia 2000"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soufiane","family":"Boufous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for International Health; Injury and Musculoskeletal Division; PO Box M201 Missenden Road Sydney NSW Australia 2050"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Blows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for International Health; Injury and Musculoskeletal Division; PO Box M201 Missenden Road Sydney NSW Australia 2050"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sing Kai","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Medicine Nursing & Behavioural Sciences; Dean's Office; 221 Burwood Highway Burwood Victoria Australia 3125"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0001|cit1","unstructured":"Anderson CL KJ The changing effect of motorcycle helmet use on mortality: comparisons of drivers and passengers on the same motorcycle 40th Annual Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 1996 427 42 43350"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0002|cit2","first-page":"423, 429-31","article-title":"Head injuries associated with motorcycle use--Wisconsin, 1991","volume":"43","author":"Anonymous","year":"1994","journal-title":"MMWR - Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report."},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0003|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(88)80151-X","article-title":"Patterns of injury in helmeted and nonhelmeted motorcyclists","volume":"155","author":"Bachulis","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0004|cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200209000-00012","article-title":"Hospital cost is reduced by motorcycle helmet use","volume":"53","author":"Brandt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection and Critical Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0005|cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-117X(82)80036-X","article-title":"Head and facial injuries after low-speed motor-cycle accidents","volume":"20","author":"Cannell","year":"1982","journal-title":"British Journal of Oral Surgery."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0006|cit6","first-page":"521","article-title":"Injury patterns and helmet effectiveness among hospitalized motorcyclists","volume":"64","author":"Carr","year":"1981","journal-title":"Minnesota Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0007|cit7","first-page":"17","article-title":"A cross-classification analysis of the effectiveness of safety helmets in motorcycle accident injuries","volume":"Sept","author":"Chang","year":"1981","journal-title":"Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0008|cit8","first-page":"21","article-title":"Motorcycle helmets and head injuries in Kentucky, 1995-2000","volume":"101","author":"Christian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the Kentucky Medical Association."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0009|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(95)00056-9","article-title":"Helmets, injuries and cultural definitions: Motorcycle injury in urban Indonesia","volume":"28","author":"Conrad","year":"1996","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0010|cit10","unstructured":"Copes WT Dickman FB Champion HR Sacco WJ Motorcycle injuries: A major trauma outcome study (MTOS) Perspective Proceedings of the 35th annual conference of the association for the advancement of automotive medicine; 1991 Oct 7-9; Toronto, Canada 1991 269 84 47670"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0011|cit11","unstructured":"Deutermann W Motorcycle helmet effectiveness revisited NHTSA Technical Report 2004"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0012|cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01790691","article-title":"Head injuries due to motorcycle accidents: crash helmets and alcoholism","volume":"12","author":"Diemath","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurosurgical Review."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0013|cit13","first-page":"S42","article-title":"Head injuries in traffic accidents with emphasis on the comparisons between motorcycle-helmet users and non-users","volume":"93","author":"Ding","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of the Formosan Medical Association."},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0014|cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000215582.86115.01","article-title":"Economic impact of motorcycle helmts: from impact to discharge","volume":"60","author":"Eastridge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection, and Critical Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0015|cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(88)90043-7","article-title":"Helmet Effectiveness in Preventing Motorcycle Driver and Passenger Fatalities","volume":"20","author":"Evans","year":"1988","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0016|cit16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Motorcycle accidents; epidemiology, clinical aspects and protective measures, a followup and prospective study","volume":"80","author":"Fledkamp","year":"1977","journal-title":"Unfallheilkunde"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0017|cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(94)00079-2","article-title":"Relationship of helmet use and head injuries among motorcycle crash victims in El Paso County, Colorado, 1989-1990","volume":"27","author":"Gabella","year":"1995","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0018|cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X8601000306","article-title":"The Effect of Motorcycle Helmet Use on the Probability of Fatality and the Severity of Head and Neck Injuries - a Latent Variable Framework","volume":"10","author":"Goldstein","year":"1986","journal-title":"Evaluation Review"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0019|cit19","unstructured":"Goodnow RK Injury severity, medical costs and associated factors for helmeted and unhelmeted motorcyclist crash cases transported to hospitals in Amarillo, Austin, Corpus Christi, and San Antonio, Texas Proceedings of the International Motorcycle safety conference; Orlando, Florida 1990"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0020|cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(98)70170-2","article-title":"Epidemiologic features of facial injuries among motorcyclists","volume":"32","author":"Gopalakrishna","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annals of Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0021|cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(82)80258-8","article-title":"Motorcycle-related trauma and helmet usage in North Dakota","volume":"11","author":"Heilman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Annals of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0022|cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000149497.20065.F4","article-title":"Non-helmeted motorcyclists: a burden to society? A study using the National Trauma Data Bank","volume":"57","author":"Hundley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection, and Critical Care"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0023|cit23","unstructured":"Hurt H Ouellet JV Wagar IJ Effectiveness of motorcycle safety helmets and protective clothing American Association for Automotive Medicine annual conference San Francisco University of Southern California, Traffic safety center 1981 223 35"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0024|cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.08.001","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of severe traumatic brain injury resulting from road accidents: A population-based study","volume":"38","author":"Javouhey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0025|cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199506000-00008","article-title":"Craniofacial trauma in injured motorcyclists: the impact of helmet usage","volume":"38","author":"Johnson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care."},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0026|cit26","unstructured":"Johnson S Walker J The crash outcome data evaluation system (CODES). NHTSA Technical Report Washington DC: Research and Development, National Highway Traffic Safety Adminstration; 1996 Jan. Report No: DOT HS 808 338 1996 46110"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0027|cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)81426-X","article-title":"A prospective study of the impact of helmet usage on motorcycle trauma","volume":"20","author":"Kelly","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annals of Emergency Medicine."},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0028|cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2004.09.006","article-title":"Helmet use and motorcycle fatalities in Taiwan","volume":"37","author":"Keng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0029|cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(85)80014-0","article-title":"Head and neck injuries to motorcycle and moped riders with special regard to the effect of protective helmets","volume":"16","author":"Krantz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0030|cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112137","article-title":"Some epidemiologic features of motorcycle collision injuries. II. Factors associated with severity of injuries","volume":"102","author":"Kraus","year":"1975","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0031|cit31","first-page":"29","article-title":"Motorcycle crashes: injuries, rider, crash and vehicle characteristics associated with helmet use","volume":"23","author":"Kraus","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Traffic Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0032|cit32","first-page":"873","article-title":"The impact of two related prevention strategies on head injury reduction among nonfatally injured motorcycle riders, California, 1991-1993","volume":"12","author":"Kraus","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Neurotrama"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0033|cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/12.2.99","article-title":"Epidemiology of accidents among users of two-wheeled motor vehicles. A surveillance study in two Italian cities","volume":"12","author":"LaTorre","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0034|cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200101000-00004","article-title":"Crash severity, injury patterns, and helmet use in adolescent motorcycle riders","volume":"50","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0035|cit35","first-page":"30","article-title":"Motorcycle deaths and injuries in Texas: helmets make a difference","volume":"83","author":"Lloyd","year":"1987","journal-title":"Texas Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0036|cit36","first-page":"89","article-title":"The Role of Helmets in Reducing Head-Injuries from Motorcycle Accidents - a Political or Medical Issue","volume":"135","author":"Luna","year":"1981","journal-title":"Western Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0037|cit37","first-page":"389","article-title":"Motorcycle helmet use, incidence of head injury, and cost of hospitalization","volume":"15","author":"May","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Emergency Nursing."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0038|cit38","first-page":"370","article-title":"Helmet use improves outcomes after motorcycle accidents","volume":"155","author":"Murdock","year":"1991","journal-title":"Western Journal of Medicine."},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0039|cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.04.001","article-title":"Temporal distribution of motorcyclist injuries and risk of fatalities in relation to age, helmet use, and riding while intoxicated in Khon Kaen, Thailand","volume":"37","author":"Nakahara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0040|cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf081","article-title":"Association of helmet use with death in motorcycle crashes: A matched-pair cohort study","volume":"156","author":"Norvell","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0041|cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580213652","article-title":"Do full-face helmets offer greater protection against cervical spinal cord injury than open-face helmets?","volume":"3","author":"O'Connor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0042|cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580590903195","article-title":"Motorcycle helmets and spinal cord injury: helmet usage and type","volume":"6","author":"O'Connor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Traffic Injury Prevention"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0043|cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199205000-00016","article-title":"The Impact of Motorcycle Helmet Use","volume":"32","author":"Offner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection and Critical Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0044|cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(94)70317-5","article-title":"Motorcycle helmets and spinal injuries: dispelling the myth","volume":"23","author":"Orsay","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annals of Emergency Medicine."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0045|cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(95)70114-1","article-title":"Motorcycle trauma in the state of Illinois: analysis of the Illinois Department of Public Health Trauma Registry","volume":"26","author":"Orsay","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annals of Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0046|cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(97)00065-1","article-title":"Fatalities from non-use of seat belts and helmets in Greece: A nationwide appraisal","volume":"30","author":"Petridou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0047|cit47","first-page":"11","article-title":"Effectiveness of the motorcycle helmet in head injury prevention","volume":"24","author":"Phuenpathom","year":"2001","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0048|cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-199106000-00005","article-title":"Helmet use and fatal motorcycle injuries in California, 1987-1988","volume":"6","author":"Romano","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0049|cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.1.41","article-title":"Motorcycle helmet use and injury outcome and hospitalization costs from crashes in Washington State","volume":"86","author":"Rowland","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0050|cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(93)90028-U","article-title":"The association of helmet use with the outcome of motorcycle crash injury when controlling for crash\/injury severity","volume":"25","author":"Rutledge","year":"1993","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0051|cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199502000-00017","article-title":"Fatal Injuries in Motorcycle Riders According to Helmet Use","volume":"38","author":"Sarkar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection and Critical Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0052|cit52","first-page":"39","article-title":"Increased risk of death or disability in unhelmeted Wisconsin motorcyclists","volume":"104","author":"Sauter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Wisconsin Medical Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0053|cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(92)90051-J","article-title":"Helmet Use, Patterns of Injury, Medical Outcome, and Costs among Motorcycle Drivers in Maryland","volume":"24","author":"Shankar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Accident, Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0054|cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(94)90013-2","article-title":"Risk factors of fatality in motor vehicle traffic accidents","volume":"26","author":"Shibata","year":"1994","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0055|cit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198804000-00021","article-title":"Survey of factors influencing injury among riders involved in motorized two-wheeler accidents in India: a prospective study of 302 cases","volume":"28","author":"Sood","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0056|cit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117746","article-title":"Case-control study of the effectiveness of different types of helmets for the prevention of head injuries among motorcycle riders in Taipei, Taiwan.[comment]","volume":"142","author":"Tsai","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0057|cit57","first-page":"207","article-title":"The effect of helmets on the incidence and severity of head and cervical spine injuries in motorcycle and moped accident victims: a prospective analysis based on emergency department and trauma centre data","volume":"5","author":"Camp","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Journal of Emergency Medicine."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0058|cit58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1977.tb130562.x","article-title":"Motor cycle helmets and facial injuries","volume":"1","author":"Vaughan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0059|cit59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199301000-00022","article-title":"Is Helmet Use Beneficial to Motorcyclists","volume":"34","author":"Wagle","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection and Critical Care"},{"issue":"417","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0060|cit60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1992.10475173","article-title":"The Effects of Helmet Use on the Severity of Head-Injuries in Motorcycle Accidents","volume":"87","author":"Weiss","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0061|cit61","unstructured":"Wilson D The effectiveness of motorcycle helmets in preventing fatalities. NHTSA Technical Report Washington DC: Research and Development, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 1989 Mar. Report No: DOT HS 807 416"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0062|cit62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(02)00048-7","article-title":"Injury patterns associated with mortality following motorcycle crashes","volume":"33","author":"Ankarath","year":"2002","journal-title":"Injury-International Journal of the Care of the Injured"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0063|cit63","first-page":"550","article-title":"Motorcycle Accident Casualties and the Use of Crash Helmets","volume":"59","author":"Asogwa","year":"1982","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0064|cit64","first-page":"628","article-title":"Moped, minibike, and motorcycle accidents. Associated injury problems","volume":"78","author":"Balcerak","year":"1978","journal-title":"New York State Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0065|cit65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)80887-X","article-title":"A Population-Based Study of Motorcycle Injury and Costs","volume":"21","author":"Braddock","year":"1992","journal-title":"Annals of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0066|cit66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(78)90002-7","article-title":"Factors related to head iinjury severity of motorcyclists involved in traffic crashes","volume":"10","author":"Byrd","year":"1978","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0067|cit67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000227738.42077.2d","article-title":"Frontal sincus fractures: a treatment algorithm and assessment of outcome based on 78 clinical cases","volume":"118","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0068|cit68","unstructured":"Chinn BP Doyle D Otte D Schuller E Motorcyclists head injuries: mechanisms identified from accident reconstruction and helmet damage replication Proceedings of the 1999 International IRCOBI Conference on the biomechanics of impact; 1999 Sept 23-24; Sitges, Spain 1999 53 71 44590"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0069|cit69","unstructured":"Dowdell B Long G Ward J Griffiths M A study of helmet damage and rider head\/ neck injuries for crash involved motorcyclists Research Note 1988 49060"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0070|cit70","unstructured":"Hell W Lob G Typical injury patterns of motorcyclists in different crash types; effectiveness and improvements of countermeasures Proceedings of the thirty-seventh annual conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine; 1993; Nov 4-6; San Antonio, Texas, USA 1993 77 86 46900"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0071|cit71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199909000-00007","article-title":"Injuries of motorcyclists and bicyclists examined at autopsy","volume":"20","author":"Hitosugi","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0072|cit72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/01.paf.0000127397.67081.f5","article-title":"Analysis of fatal injuries to motorcyclists by helmet type","volume":"25","author":"Hitosugi","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0073|cit73","first-page":"36","article-title":"The effectiveness of the helmet for the motorcyclist (machine under 50cc) and the importance of alcoholaemia in traffic accidents","volume":"5","author":"Hoffman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Traffic Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0074|cit74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2004.07.006","article-title":"The role of alcohol in Thailand motorcycle crashes","volume":"37","author":"Kasantikul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0075|cit75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199611000-00016","article-title":"Are fractures of the base of the skull influenced by the mass of the protective helmet? A retrospective study in fatally injured motorcyclists","volume":"41","author":"Konrad","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection and Critical Care"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0076|cit76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000197627.05242.a4","article-title":"Craniofacial trauma in adolescents: incidence, etiology and prevention","volume":"62","author":"Rocchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0077|cit77","first-page":"478","article-title":"Pattern of injury in helmeted motorcyclists in Singapore","volume":"21","author":"Tham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0078|cit78","unstructured":"Thom DR Hurt HH Basilar skull fractures in fatal motorcycle crashes Proceedings of the 37th annual conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine; 1993 Nov 4-6; San Antonio, Texas 1993 61 76 46910"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0079|cit79","unstructured":"Turner P Hagelin C Florida Motorcycle Helmet Use Observational Survey and Trend analysis 2004"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0080|cit80","unstructured":"Adams J Cars, cholera and cows: the management of risk and uncertainty Cato Institute, Washington DC, 335. Avail at: http:\/\/www.cato.org\/pubs\/pas\/pa-335es.html 1999"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0081|cit81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68654-6","article-title":"Road traffic injuries: confronting disparities to address a global health problem","volume":"367","author":"Ameratunga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0082|cit82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X8701100506","article-title":"An evaluation of the methodology and results of JP Goldstein's study, \"The effects of motorcycle helmet use on the probability of fatality and the severity of head and neck injuries\"","volume":"11","author":"Bedi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Evaluation Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0083|cit83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(00)00078-6","article-title":"Helmet laws and motorcycle rider death rates","volume":"33","author":"Branas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0084|cit84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.5.793","article-title":"The effect of the Taiwan motorcycle helmet use law on head injuries","volume":"90","author":"Chiu","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0085|cit85","unstructured":"Clarke M Oxman AD editiors Cochrane Reviewers' Handbook 4.2.0 (updated March 2003); Section 3.2 In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2003. Oxford: Update Software. Updated quarterly"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0086|cit86","unstructured":"Department for Transport Transport statistics: Motorcycle Road Accidents: Great Britain 1998 Department for Transport 1998"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0087|cit87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117248","article-title":"Invited commentary: a critical loook at some popular meta-analytic methods","volume":"140","author":"Greenland","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0088|cit88","volume-title":"Epidemiology in medicine","author":"Hennekens","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0089|cit89","volume-title":"Statistical methods in epidemiology","author":"Kahn","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0090|cit90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.1.96","article-title":"Compliance with the 1992 California motorcycle helmet use law","volume":"85","author":"Kraus","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0091|cit91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a018006","article-title":"Epidemiology of injuries: current trends and future challenges","volume":"22","author":"McKenzie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiologic Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0092|cit92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198403000-00009","article-title":"Medical consequences of motorcycle helmet nonusage","volume":"24","author":"McSwain","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0093|cit93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199010000-00002","article-title":"Motorcycle helmets - medical costs and the law","volume":"30","author":"McSwain","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0094|cit94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.3.527","article-title":"Road safety in less-motorized environments: future concerns","volume":"31","author":"Mohan","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0095|cit95","article-title":"The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020","volume-title":"Global burden of disease and injury series","volume":"1","author":"Murray","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0096|cit96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7346.1139","article-title":"The neglected epidemic: road traffic inuries in developing countries","volume":"324","author":"Nantulya","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0097|cit97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.1997.tb00167.x","article-title":"Road traffic injuries in developing countries: a comprehensive review of epidemiological studies","volume":"2","author":"Odero","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and International Health"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0098|cit98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(98)00071-2","article-title":"The prevalence of non-standard helmet use and head injuries among motorcycle riders","volume":"31","author":"Peek-Asa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Accident Analysis and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0099|cit99","volume-title":"Modern epidemiology","author":"Rothman","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0100|cit100","volume-title":"Case-control studies: design, conduct, analysis","author":"Schlesselman","year":"1982"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0101|cit101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.5.4.264","article-title":"Factors affecting motorcycle helmet use in the population of Greater Athens, Greece","volume":"5","author":"Skalkidou","year":"1999","journal-title":"Injury Prevention"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0102|cit102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450180059029","article-title":"Head injury-associated deaths from motorcycle crashes","volume":"264","author":"Sosin","year":"1990","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0103|cit103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001855","article-title":"Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in bicyclists","author":"Thompson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0104|cit104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson D Personal communication December 2003","DOI":"10.1049\/cp:20030290"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0105|cit105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(98)90113-9","article-title":"The motorcyclist: easy rider or easy victim? An analysis of motorcycle accidents in Germany","volume":"16","author":"Wick","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3-BIB0106|cit106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7346.1149","article-title":"For and against: Does risk homoesostasis theory have implications for road safety","volume":"324","author":"Wilde","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T05:18:04Z","timestamp":1776662284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"name":"Cochrane Injuries Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,23]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd004333.pub3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-1858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-1858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,23]]}}}