{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:57:59Z","timestamp":1792659479592,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd004551.pub2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,3]],"date-time":"2013-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386028800000}}],"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com","cochranelibrary.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd004551.pub3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,4]],"date-time":"2013-12-04T18:26:00Z","timestamp":1386181560000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Pin site care for preventing infections associated with external bone fixators and pins"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Lethaby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Auckland; Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand 1142"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Temple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Plymouth; Faculty of Health & Social Work; c\/o Centre Court Drake Circus Plymouth UK PL4 8AA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Santy-Tomlinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hull; Faculty of Health & Social Care; Cottingham Road Hull East Yorkshire UK HU6 7RX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0001|cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.08.010","article-title":"Routine pin tract care in external fixation is unnecessary: a randomised prospective blinded controlled study","volume":"43","author":"Camathias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0002|cit2","first-page":"58","article-title":"Evaluation of effectiveness of 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine solution against infections in wire and pin holes for Ilizarov external fixators","volume":"123","author":"Camilo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sao Paolo Medical Journal"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0003|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3181abbc31","article-title":"Pin site care during circular external fixation using two different protocols","volume":"23","author":"Cavusoglu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0004|cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/230949900901700105","article-title":"Diluted povidone-iodine versus saline for dressing metal-skin interfaces in external fixation","volume":"17","author":"Chan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery"},{"issue":"Suppl A","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0005|cit5","first-page":"61","article-title":"A simple practice protocol for care of metal-skin interface of external fixation","volume":"61","author":"Saw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Malaysia"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0006|cit6","unstructured":"Egol KA Klugman J Puopolo S Heibert R Koval K Pin care following external fixation of the wrist: a prospective randomized trial or three techniques Orthopaedic Trauma Association Annual Meeting, 2004 October 8-10; Hollywood, Florida 2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0007|cit7","first-page":"349","article-title":"Treatment of external fixation pins about the wrist: a prospective randomized trial","volume":"88-A","author":"Egol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0008|cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joon.2005.09.005","article-title":"Comparison of povidone-iodine solution and soft white paraffin ointment in the management of skeletal pin-sites: a pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Grant","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Nursing"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0009|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.12968\/pnur.1996.7.4.12","article-title":"Pin Sites: Do we need to clean them?","volume":"7","author":"Henry","year":"1996","journal-title":"Practice Nursing"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0010|cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-1990-z","article-title":"Antimicrobial gauze as a dressing reduces pin site infection","volume":"470","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0011|cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1097\/00006416-200509000-00011","article-title":"Multicenter pin care study","volume":"24","author":"Patterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Orthopaedic Nursing"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0012|cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1080\/00016470310018234","article-title":"No difference between daily and weekly pin site care. A randomized study of 50 patients with external fixation","volume":"74","author":"W-Dahl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0013|cit13","first-page":"566","article-title":"Prevalence of pin-site infection: the comparison between silver sulfadiazine and dry dressing among open tibial fracture patients","volume":"94","author":"Yuenyongviwat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand\u00a0"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0014|cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199601000-00016","article-title":"External spinal skeletal fixation in the management of back pain","volume":"322","author":"Bednar","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0015|cit15","first-page":"26","article-title":"Antibiotics vs an antimicrobial dressing for pin-track infection","volume":"2","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wounds UK"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0016|cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198909000-00015","article-title":"Use of skin incisions in the application of halo skeletal fixator pins","volume":"246","author":"Botte","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0017|cit17","first-page":"716","article-title":"The care of pin sites with external fixation","volume":"87-B","author":"Davies","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0018|cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2000.17866","article-title":"External fixation of the distal radius: to predrill or not to predrill","volume":"25A","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Hand Surgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0019|cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(99)00207-7","article-title":"Displaced intra-articular fractures of distal radius: a comparative evaluation of results following closed reduction, external fixation and open reduction with internal fixation","volume":"31","author":"Kapoor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0020|cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2012600","article-title":"Care of external fixator pin sites","volume":"21","author":"Lagerquist","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Critical Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0021|cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(200009)53:5<600::AID-JBM21>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Prevention of pin track infection in external fixation with silver coated pins: clinical and microbiological results","volume":"53","author":"Masse","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Materials Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0022|cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200105000-00010","article-title":"Improvement of the bone-pin interface strength in osteoporotic bone with use of hydrioxyapatite-coated tapered external-fixation pins","volume":"85-A","author":"Moroni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0023|cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200107000-00029","article-title":"Fixation strength and pin tract infection of hydroxyapatite-coated tapered pins","volume":"388","author":"Moroni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0024|cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00006416-198501000-00003","article-title":"Nursing care of skeletal pins: A closer look","volume":"4","author":"Sproles","year":"1985","journal-title":"Orthopaedic Nursing"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0025|cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s001130050298","article-title":"Conversion of osteosynthesis in war fractures","volume":"101","author":"Turcic","year":"1998","journal-title":"Unfallchirug"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0026|cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.84B1.0840023","article-title":"The external fixator compared with the sliding hip screw for pertrochanteric fractures of the femur","volume":"84-B","author":"Vossinakis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0027|cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-004-0733-y","article-title":"Pin site care in external fixation sodium chloride or chlorhexidine solution as a cleansing agent","volume":"124","author":"W-Dahl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0028|cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679909011246","article-title":"Pin-tract complications in external fixation of fractures of the distal radius","volume":"70","author":"Ahlborg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0029|cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540080059030","article-title":"Improving the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials: the CONSORT statement","volume":"276","author":"Begg","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0030|cit30","first-page":"15","article-title":"General theory and principles of external fixation","volume":"241","author":"Behrens","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0031|cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199705000-00014","article-title":"External fixation of pediatric femur fractures","volume":"17","author":"Blaiser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0032|cit32","first-page":"97","article-title":"Pin track infection and the principles of pin site care","volume-title":"Orthofix external fixation in trauma and orthopaedics","volume":"11","author":"Checketts","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0033|cit33","unstructured":"Deeks JJ Higgins JPT Altman DG on behalf of the Cochrane Statistical Methods Group and the Cochrane Bias Methods Group (Editors) Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0034|cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-200003000-00006","article-title":"Pin site care during external fixation in children: results of a holistic approach","volume":"20","author":"Gordon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0035|cit35","first-page":"18","article-title":"Pin care using the Ilizarov apparatus: recommended treatment plan in Kurgan, Russia","volume":"52","author":"Grant","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Hospital for Joint Diseases"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0036|cit36","first-page":"109","article-title":"Complications of external skeletal fixation","volume":"180","author":"Green","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0037|cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466070-00017","article-title":"Chronic osteomyelitis in pin tracts","volume":"66-A","author":"Green","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery"},{"issue":"7414","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0038|cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0039|cit39","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Altman DG on behalf of the Cochrane Statistical Methods Group and the Cochrane Bias Methods Group (Editors) Chapter 8: \u00a0Assessing risk of bias in included studies In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0040|cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/00006416-200503000-00003","article-title":"Skeletal pin site care: National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses guidelines for orthopaedic nursing","volume":"24","author":"Holmes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Orthopaedic Nursing"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0041|cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/00006416-199103000-00004","article-title":"Clinical standards in skeletal traction pin site care","volume":"10","author":"Jones-Walton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Orthopaedic Nursing"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0042|cit42","first-page":"137","article-title":"The use of the 'Fixateur Externe' in infected fractures","volume":"25","author":"Kroll","year":"1973","journal-title":"Archivum Chirurgicum Neerlandicum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0043|cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1054\/joon.2000.0139","article-title":"Pin site management: toward a consensus, part 1","volume":"5","author":"Lee-Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Nursing"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0044|cit44","unstructured":"Lefebvre C Manheimer E Glanville J on behalf of the Cochrane Information Retrieval Methods Group Chapter 6: Searching for studies In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0045|cit45","first-page":"305","article-title":"Factors in pin tract infections","volume":"14","author":"Mahan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Orthopaedics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0046|cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00006416-199903000-00010","article-title":"In search of a standard for pin site care","volume":"18","author":"McKenzie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Orthopaedic Nursing"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0047|cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199801000-00024","article-title":"Enhanced fixation with hydroxyapatite coated pins","volume":"346","author":"Moroni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0048|cit48","first-page":"62","article-title":"A simple practical protocol for care of metal-skin interface of external fixation","volume":"61 (suppl A)","author":"Saw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Malaysia"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0049|cit49","unstructured":"Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) Search filters http:\/\/www.sign.ac.uk\/methodology\/filters.html#random"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0050|cit50","first-page":"261","article-title":"Protocols for the care of external fixator pin sites","volume":"11","author":"Sims","year":"1996","journal-title":"Professional Nurse"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0051|cit51","first-page":"15","article-title":"External fixation: Historic review, advantages disadvantages, complications and indications","volume":"180","author":"Sisk","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0052|cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-198309000-00004","article-title":"External skeletal fixation in children's fractures","volume":"3","author":"Tolo","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics"},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0053|cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.7748\/ns1998.06.12.39.34.c2514","article-title":"Care of skeletal pins: a literature review","volume":"12","author":"Ward","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nursing Standard"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3-BIB0054|cit54","first-page":"46","article-title":"Experiences with external fixation with emphasis on the complications","volume":"40","author":"Wissing","year":"1988","journal-title":"Netherlands Journal of Surgery"}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/wol1\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3\/fullpdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T08:49:03Z","timestamp":1746002943000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004551.pub3"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"name":"Cochrane Wounds Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,3]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd004551.pub3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-1858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-1858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,3]]}}}