{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:51:07Z","timestamp":1792788667726,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd006380.pub2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]],"date-time":"2016-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476316800000}}],"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com","cochranelibrary.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd006380.pub3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,14]],"date-time":"2016-10-14T03:05:15Z","timestamp":1476414315000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Pharmacologic interventions for treating phantom limb pain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2020","author":[{"given":"Maria Jenelyn M","family":"Alviar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Melbourne-Royal Melbourne Hospital; Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Hale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Medicine; Epworth Hospital; Richmond Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monalisa","family":"Lim-Dungca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; University of the Philippines College of Medicine; Manila Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0001|cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1245\/ASO.2003.08.007","article-title":"Dextromethorphan mitigates phantom pain in cancer amputees","volume":"10","author":"Abraham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of Surgical Oncology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0002|cit2","first-page":"481","article-title":"Gabapentin in postamputation phantom limb pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study","volume":"27","author":"Bone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0003|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0353","article-title":"Phantom limb pain relief by contralateral myofascial injection with local anaesthetic in a placebo-controlled study: preliminary results","volume":"41","author":"Casale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0004|cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e3181685014","article-title":"Chronic phantom limb pain: the effects of calcitonin, ketamine, and their combination on pain and sensory thresholds","volume":"106","author":"Eichenberger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesthesia & Analgesia"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0005|cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00385-7","article-title":"The effect of opioids on phantom limb pain and cortical reorganization","volume":"90","author":"Huse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0006|cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(92)90127-W","article-title":"Calcitonin in phantom limb pain: a double-blind study","volume":"48","author":"Jaeger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0007|cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00456-6","article-title":"Efficacy of the NMDA-receptor antagonist memantine in patients with chronic phantom limb pain - results of a randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"103","author":"Maier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0008|cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(96)03080-1","article-title":"The effect of ketamine on phantom pain: a central neuropathic disorder maintained by peripheral input","volume":"67","author":"Nikolajsen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0009|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(03)00476-3","article-title":"Trial of amitriptyline for relief of pain in amputees: results of a randomized controlled study","volume":"85","author":"Robinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0010|cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2003.00114.x","article-title":"NMDA-mediated mechanisms in cortical excitability changes after limb amputation","volume":"108","author":"Schwenkreis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0011|cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2005.05.0082","article-title":"Efficacy of gabapentin in treating chronic phantom limb and residual limb pain","volume":"42","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0012|cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000096002.53818.BD","article-title":"A placebo-controlled randomized crossover trial of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonist, memantine, in patients with chronic phantom limb pain","volume":"98","author":"Wiech","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesia & Analgesia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0013|cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200204000-00010","article-title":"Analgesic effects of intravenous lidocaine and morphine on postamputation pain","volume":"96","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0014|cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3182264fe9","article-title":"A prospective randomized double-blinded pilot study to examine the effect of botulinum toxin type A injection versus Lidocaine\/Depomedrol injection on residual and phantom limb pain: initial report","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0015|cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200209000-00002","article-title":"Dextromethorphan for phantom pain attenuation in cancer amputees: a double-blind crossover trial involving three patients","volume":"18","author":"Abraham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0016|cit16","first-page":"30","article-title":"The effects of capsaicin in phantom limb pain","volume":"12","author":"Ate\u015falp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agri"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0017|cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181f4e848","article-title":"The use of prolonged peripheral neural blockade after lower extremity amputation: the effect on symptoms associated with phantom limb syndrome","volume":"111","author":"Borghi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesia & Analgesia"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0018|cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2011.01.009","article-title":"The contribution of sympathetic mechanisms to postamputation phantom and residual limb pain: a pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0019|cit19","first-page":"179","article-title":"Continuous regional analgesia by intraneural block: effect on postoperative opioid requirements and phantom limb pain following amputation","volume":"31","author":"Elizaga","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation and Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0020|cit20","first-page":"149","article-title":"The analgesic effects of epidural diamorphine and levobupivacaine on established lower limb post-amputation stump pain - a comparative study","volume":"18","author":"Elrazek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology\u00a0"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0021|cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1258\/RSMSMJ.53.1.4","article-title":"The effect of intra-neural local anaesthetic infusion on pain following major lower limb amputation","volume":"53","author":"Grant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scottish Medical Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0022|cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12080","article-title":"Treating intractable phantom limb pain with ambulatory continuous peripheral nerve blocks: a pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Ilfeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0023|cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(89)90197-8","article-title":"Relief of persistent postamputation stump and phantom limb pain with intrathecal fentanyl","volume":"37","author":"Jacobson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pain\u00a0"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0024|cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(90)90064-K","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of intrathecal fentanyl and lidocaine on established postamputation stump pain","volume":"40","author":"Jacobson","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0025|cit25","first-page":"71","article-title":"Postoperative treatment of phantom pain and causalgias with calcitonin","volume":"37","author":"Jaeger","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anaesthesist\u00a0"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0026|cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2008.00554.x","article-title":"Treatment of phantom limb pain with botulinum toxin type A","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0027|cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31820fc7d2","article-title":"Optimized perioperative analgesia reduces chronic phantom limb pain intensity, prevalence, and frequency: a prospective, randomized, clinical trial","volume":"114","author":"Karanikolas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0028|cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(87)90085-6","article-title":"Immediate response of phantom limb pain to calcitonin","volume":"30","author":"Kessel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0029|cit29","first-page":"39","article-title":"Differential combined drug therapy of phantom pain syndrome after amputation of extremity","volume":"4","author":"Kukushkin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesteziologiia i Reanimatologiia"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0030|cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e858","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-12-00310","article-title":"Buprenorphine\/naloxone therapy for opioid refractory neuropathic pain following traumatic amputation: a case series","volume":"178","author":"Licina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Military Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0031|cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e328360848e","article-title":"ESA Clinical Trials Network 2012: PLATA \u2013 Prevention of Phantom Limb Pain After Transtibial Amputation: Randomised, double-blind, controlled, multicentre trial comparing optimised intravenous pain control versus optimised intravenous pain control plus regional anaesthesia","volume":"30","author":"Lirk","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Anaesthesiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0032|cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01370.x","article-title":"Brachial plexus block in phantom limb pain: interesting, but limited clinical benefit in chronic setting","volume":"13","author":"Neil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0033|cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1997.tb04710.x","article-title":"Oral ketamine therapy in the treatment of postamputation stump pain","volume":"41","author":"Nikolajsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0034|cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200611000-00023","article-title":"A randomized study of the effects of gabapentin on postamputation pain","volume":"105","author":"Nikolajsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0035|cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1990.tb01584.x","article-title":"A randomized, within-patient, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial on the efficacy and tolerability of the tricyclic antidepressants chlorimipramine and nortriptyline in central pain","volume":"82","author":"Panerai","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0036|cit36","first-page":"1501","article-title":"Continuous postoperative infusion of a regional anesthetic after an amputation of the lower extremity. A randomized clinical trial","volume":"78","author":"Pinzur","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American volume"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0037|cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-3924(89)90031-6","article-title":"Use of amitriptyline (Elavil) for phantom limb pain in younger children","volume":"4","author":"Rogers","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Pain & Symptom Management\u00a0"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0038|cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2008.20.3.368","article-title":"Management of phantom limb pain and sensation with milnacipran","volume":"20","author":"Sato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0039|cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(82)90135-X","article-title":"Clinical trial of propranolol in post-traumatic neuralgia","volume":"14","author":"Scadding","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0040|cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.02979.x","article-title":"Pregabalin in the treatment of post-traumatic peripheral neuropathic pain: a randomized double-blind trial","volume":"17","author":"Van Seventer","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0041|cit41","first-page":"36","article-title":"The treatment of the phantom pain syndrome with tizanidine","volume":"97","author":"Kukushkin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0042|cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200509000-00027","article-title":"Postamputation pain and sensory changes in treatment-naive patients: characteristics and responses to treatment with tramadol, amitriptyline, and placebo","volume":"103","author":"Wilder-Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0043|cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31817f4523","article-title":"Morphine versus mexiletine for treatment of postamputation pain: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial","volume":"109","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0044|cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001536","article-title":"The role of afferent input in postamputation pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study","volume":"160","author":"Buch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0045|cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I3","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007816","article-title":"Pharmacology and immunology of botulinum toxin serotypes","volume":"248","author":"Aoki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"s5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0046|cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2001.00035.x","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A and other botulinum toxin serotypes: a comparative review of biochemical and pharmacological actions","volume":"8","author":"Aoki","year":"2001","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0047|cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80S","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00701-9","article-title":"Possible mechanisms of the analgesic action of calcitonin","volume":"30","author":"Azria","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0048|cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)02154-1","article-title":"Contralateral treatment with lidocaine reduces spinal neuronal activity in mononeuropathic rat","volume":"311","author":"Bileviciute-Ljungara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0049|cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5503","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-14-05503.1997","article-title":"Effects of regional anesthesia on phantom limb pain are mirrored in changes in cortical reorganization","volume":"17","author":"Birbaumer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0050|cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.03.040","article-title":"Motor and parietal cortex stimulation for phantom limb pain and sensations","volume":"154","author":"Bolognini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0051|cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S146","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(1997)6+<146::AID-MUS10>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Botulinum toxin: chemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and immunology","volume":"6","author":"Brin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve Supplement"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0052|cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318227ce7a","article-title":"Phantom limb pain in young cancer-related amputees: recent experience at St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital","volume":"28","author":"Burgoyne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0053|cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.11.054","article-title":"Intradermal botulinum toxin type A injection effectively reduces residual limb hyperhidrosis in amputees: a case series","volume":"89","author":"Charrow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0054|cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.01.009","article-title":"Phantom limb pain after amputation in diabetic patients does not differ from that after amputation in nondiabetic patients","volume":"154","author":"Clark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0055|cit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.10.028","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and mental health service utilization among persons with limb loss: results of a national survey","volume":"86","author":"Darnall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0056|cit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0b013e328336388d","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of phantom limb pain and residual limb pain in the long term after upper limb amputation","volume":"33","author":"Desmond","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Rehabilitation Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0057|cit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2000.7583","article-title":"Chronic phantom sensations, phantom pain, residual limb pain, and other regional pain after lower limb amputation","volume":"81","author":"Ehde","year":"2000","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0058|cit58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-3801(98)90030-1","article-title":"The NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor antagonist memantine in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"2","author":"Eisenberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0059|cit59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199412000-00047","article-title":"Extensive reorganization of the somatosensory cortex in adult humans after nervous system injury","volume":"5","author":"Elbert","year":"1994","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0060|cit60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858403262111","article-title":"Reorganization of human cerebral cortex: the range of changes following use and injury","volume":"10","author":"Elbert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0061|cit61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.03.031","article-title":"Phantom pain, residual limb pain, and back pain in amputees: results of a national survey","volume":"86","author":"Ephraim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0062|cit62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70251-0","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Finnerup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"6531","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0063|cit63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/375482a0","article-title":"Phantom limb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical reorganization following arm amputation","volume":"375","author":"Flor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0064|cit64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734611428730","article-title":"Phantom limb pain after lower limb trauma origins and treatments","volume":"10","author":"Foell","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0065|cit65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.051528","article-title":"Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a meta-analysis of effectiveness and side effects","volume":"174","author":"Furlan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0066|cit66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/465281","article-title":"A comparison between enriched and nonenriched enrollment randomized withdrawal trials of opioids for chronic noncancer pain","volume":"16","author":"Furlan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Research & Management: The Journal of the Canadian Pain Society"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0067|cit67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e32834a105f","article-title":"Phantom limb pain and bodily awareness: current concepts and future directions","volume":"24","author":"Giummarra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0068|cit68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200203000-00003","article-title":"Evidence for the optimal management of acute and chronic phantom pain: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Halbert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0069|cit69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-14-28","article-title":"An observational descriptive study of the epidemiology and treatment of neuropathic pain in a UK general population","volume":"14","author":"Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Family Practice"},{"issue":"14-15","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0070|cit70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280410001708896","article-title":"Psychosocial predictors of long-term adjustment to lower-limb amputation and phantom limb pain","volume":"26","author":"Hanley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Disability & Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0071|cit71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3181b306ec","article-title":"Chronic pain associated with upper-limb loss","volume":"88","author":"Hanley","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0072|cit72","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from handbook.cochrane.org"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0073|cit73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(83)90097-0","article-title":"Phantom limb, phantom pain and stump pain in amputees during the first 6 months following limb amputation","volume":"17","author":"Jensen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0074|cit74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(85)90090-9","article-title":"Immediate and long-term phantom limb pain in amputees: incidence, clinical characteristics and relationship to pre-amputation limb pain","volume":"21","author":"Jensen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0075|cit75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(00)29036-5","article-title":"Pre-emptive analgesia in postamputation pain: an update","volume":"129","author":"Jensen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0076|cit76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.09.019","article-title":"Opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: systematic review of efficacy and safety","volume":"112","author":"Kalso","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0077|cit77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(90)90029-D","article-title":"Pain \u201cmemories\u201d in phantom limbs: review and clinical observations","volume":"43","author":"Katz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0078|cit78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00482-003-0202-5","article-title":"Treatment of phantom pain with botulinum-toxin A. A pilot study [Abstract]","volume":"17","author":"Kern","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schmerz"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0079|cit79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/16501970410029771","article-title":"Does botulinum toxin A make prosthesis use easier for amputees?","volume":"36","author":"Kern","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0080|cit80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-003-1657-4","article-title":"Long-term treatment of phantom and stump pain with Botulinum toxin type A over 12 months. A first clinical observation [Abstract]","volume":"75","author":"Kern","year":"2004","journal-title":"Der Nervenarzt"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0081|cit81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31820636fd","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type B in the treatment of residual limb hyperhidrosis for lower limb amputees: a pilot study","volume":"90","author":"Kern","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0082|cit82","first-page":"1004","article-title":"Effect of nabilone on phantom limb pain [Conference Abstract]","volume":"44","author":"Khanahmadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0083|cit83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.06.012","article-title":"NMDA receptors in the anterior cingulated cortex mediate pain-related aversion","volume":"189","author":"Lei","year":"2004","journal-title":"Experimental Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0084|cit84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2004\/7\/365","article-title":"Managing phantom pain","volume":"7","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0085|cit85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12283","article-title":"Phantom limb pain: a systematic neuroanatomical-based review of pharmacologic treatment","volume":"15","author":"McCormick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0086|cit86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006146.pub2","article-title":"Opioids for neuropathic pain","author":"McNicol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0087|cit87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3109\/03093648509164708","article-title":"A review of employment patterns of industrial amputees - factors influencing rehabilitation","volume":"9","author":"Millstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Prosthetics and Orthotics International"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0088|cit88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1998.00122.x","article-title":"The cortical somatotopic map and phantom phenomena in subjects with congenital limb atrophy and traumatic amputees with phantom limb pain","volume":"10","author":"Montoya","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0089|cit89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1046","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1782","article-title":"Prevalence of opioid adverse events in chronic non-malignant pain: systematic review of randomised trials of oral opioids","volume":"7","author":"Moore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Research & Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0090|cit90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007938.pub3","article-title":"Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults","author":"Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0091|cit91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008242.pub3","article-title":"Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults","author":"Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0092|cit92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311433209","article-title":"Targeting cortical representations in the treatment of chronic pain a review","volume":"26","author":"Moseley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0093|cit93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/754693","article-title":"Pharmacological management of chronic neuropathic pain: revised consensus statement from the Canadian Pain Society","volume":"19","author":"Moulin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Research and Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0094|cit94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200010000-00036","article-title":"Memantine (a n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist) in the treatment of neuropathic pain after amputation or surgery: a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over study","volume":"91","author":"Nikolajsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesthesia & Analgesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0095|cit95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/87.1.107","article-title":"Phantom limb pain","volume":"87","author":"Nikolajsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"British Journal of Anesthesia"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0096|cit96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.07.005","article-title":"Outcomes in lower limb amputation following trauma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Penn-Barwell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0097|cit97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(00)90074-1","article-title":"Rehabilitation and the long-term outcomes of persons with trauma-related amputations","volume":"81","author":"Pezzin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0098|cit98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs063","article-title":"Gray matter changes following limb amputation with high and low intensities of phantom limb pain","volume":"23","author":"Prei\u00dfler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"5085","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0099|cit99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1439826","article-title":"Perceptual correlates of massive cortical reorganization","volume":"258","author":"Ramachandran","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0100|cit100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2010.01.0009","article-title":"Servicemembers and veterans with major traumatic limb loss from Vietnam war and OIF\/OEF conflicts: Survey methods, participants, and summary findings","volume":"47","author":"Reiber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0101|cit101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000177793.01415.bd","article-title":"Incidence of phantom phenomena including phantom limb pain 6 months after major lower limb amputation in patients with peripheral vascular disease","volume":"22","author":"Richardson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0102|cit102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-00-0608","article-title":"A review of the long-term health outcomes associated with war-related amputation","volume":"174","author":"Robbins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Military Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0103|cit103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2006.03.003","article-title":"Continuous brachial plexus blockade in combination with the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine prevents phantom pain in acute traumatic upper limb amputees","volume":"11","author":"Schley","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Journal of Pain"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0104|cit104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2013.09.007","article-title":"Impact of limb loss in the United States","volume":"25","author":"Sheehan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0105|cit105","first-page":"232","article-title":"Published treatments of phantom limb pain","volume":"59","author":"Sherman","year":"1980","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0106|cit106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(84)90128-3","article-title":"Chrononic phantom and stump pain among American veterans: results of a survey","volume":"18","author":"Sherman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0107|cit107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2.10.1649","article-title":"Review of botulinum toxin type A and its clinical applications in migraine headache","volume":"2","author":"Silberstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0108|cit108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2013028","article-title":"Incidence of phantom limb phenomena after lower limb amputations in a Singapore tertiary hospital","volume":"54","author":"Sin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Singapore Medical Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0109|cit109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2010.514646","article-title":"A systematic literature review of quality of life in lower limb amputees","volume":"33","author":"Sinha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0110|cit110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364610397087","article-title":"Factors affecting quality of life in lower limb amputees","volume":"35","author":"Sinha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prosthetics and Orthotics International"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0111|cit111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e31815b35aa","article-title":"Amputations in US military personnel in the current conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq","volume":"22","author":"Stansbury","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma"},{"issue":"7748","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0112|cit112","first-page":"707","article-title":"Guidelines: Pharmacological management of neuropathic pain in non-specialist settings: summary of NICE guidance","volume":"340","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0113|cit113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280110105213","article-title":"A preliminary examination of the relationship between employment, pain and disability in an amputee population","volume":"24","author":"Whyte","year":"2002","journal-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0114|cit114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2011.00454.x","article-title":"Phantom pain","volume":"11","author":"Wolff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0115|cit115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.09.030","article-title":"Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain","volume":"152","author":"Woolf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3-BIB0116|cit116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.11.005","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of limb loss in the United States: 2005 to 2050","volume":"89","author":"Ziegler-Graham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/cdsr\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3\/epdf\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T02:47:28Z","timestamp":1742179648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD006380.pub3"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"name":"Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd006380.pub3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-1858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-1858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]]}}}