{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:57:36Z","timestamp":1781107056022,"version":"3.54.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd007471","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,17]],"date-time":"2012-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1350432000000}}],"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Wiley","content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com","cochranelibrary.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd007471.pub2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,11]],"date-time":"2012-10-11T13:02:00Z","timestamp":1349960520000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Rhianon","family":"Boyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Aberdeen; Academic Urology Unit; 2nd Floor, Health Sciences Building Foresterhill Aberdeen UK AB25 2ZD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Jean C","family":"Hay-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago; Rehabilitation Teaching and Research Unit, Department of Medicine; Wellington New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"June D","family":"Cody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Aberdeen; Cochrane Incontinence Review Group; 2nd Floor, Health Sciences Building Health Sciences Building Foresterhill Aberdeen UK AB25 2ZD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siv","family":"M\u00f8rkved","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Olavs Hospital,Trondheim University Hospital; Clinical Service,; Olav Kyrresgt. Trondheim Norway 7006"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0001|cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2010.08.014","article-title":"Is pelvic floor muscle training effective when taught in a general fitness class in pregnancy? A randomised controlled trial","volume":"97","author":"Bo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0002|cit2","first-page":"448","article-title":"Preventing urinary incontinence in postpartum women (Abstract)","volume":"20","author":"Chiarelli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0003|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7348.1241","article-title":"Promoting urinary continence in women after delivery: randomised controlled trial [Extended electronic version]","volume":"324","author":"Chiarelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0004|cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-0528.2003.02205.x","article-title":"Acceptability of a urinary continence promotion programme to women in postpartum","volume":"110","author":"Chiarelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0005|cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-004-1119-y","article-title":"Promoting urinary continence in postpartum women: 12-month follow-up data from a randomised controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Chiarelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Urogynecology Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0006|cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-821247","article-title":"The effect of the pelvic floor training device Epi-No on the maternal pelvic floor function six months after childbirth - follow-up study of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"64","author":"Dannecker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0007|cit7","first-page":"968","article-title":"Effectiveness of perineal exercises in controlling urinary incontinence and improving pelvic floor muscle function during pregnancy (Abstract number 117)","volume":"30","author":"Dias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0008|cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinc A Kizilkaya Beji N Yalcin O Effect of pelvic floor muscle exercises in the treatment of urinary incontinence during pregnancy and the postpartum period International Urogynecology Journal 2009 1223 31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-009-0929-3"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0012|cit9","unstructured":"Dumoulin C Efficacite des traitements physiotherapiques pour l'incontinence urinaire d'effort chez la femme en periode postnatale (French text) (PhD thesis) University of Montreal 2004"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0009|cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.03.006","article-title":"Predictors of success for physiotherapy treatment in women with persistent postpartum stress urinary incontinence","volume":"91","author":"Dumoulin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0010|cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000135274.92416.62","article-title":"Physiotherapy for persistent postnatal stress urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"104","author":"Dumoulin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0011|cit12","unstructured":"Dumoulin C Morin M Bourbonnais D Lemieux M Gravel D Effect of adding deep abdominal muscle training to pelvic floor muscle training to treat stress urinary incontinence: a one-year follow up [Abstract 662] Proceedings of the International Continence Society (34th Annual Meeting) and the International Urogynecological Association"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0013|cit13","first-page":"820","article-title":"Physical therapy for persistent postpartum stress urinary incontinence: a seven year follow-up study (Abstract number 198)","volume":"28","author":"Elliott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0014|cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610500231435","article-title":"Obstetric risk factors for urinary incontinence and preventative pelvic floor exercises: cohort study and nested randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Ewings","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"2S","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0015|cit15","first-page":"64","article-title":"Pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy to prevent urinary pelvic floor dysfunctions (Abstract)","volume":"29","author":"Gaier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"issue":"7487","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0016|cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38320.613461.82","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of conservative management of postnatal urinary and faecal incontinence: six year follow up","volume":"330","author":"Glazener","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0017|cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7313.593","article-title":"Conservative management of persistent postnatal urinary and faecal incontinence: a randomised controlled trial [Extended electronic version]","volume":"323","author":"Glazener","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7313","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0018|cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7313.593","article-title":"Conservative management of persistent postnatal urinary and faecal incontinence: randomised controlled trial","volume":"323","author":"Glazener","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0019|cit19","unstructured":"Rennie AM Wilson D Glazener C Gee H Lang G MacArthur C A multicentre randomised trial of treatment of postnatal incontinence [Abstract] Proceedings of the International Confederation of Midwives, 24th Triennial Congress 8"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0020|cit20","first-page":"370","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of conservative management of postnatal urinary and faecal incontinence: long term follow-up study [Abstract]","volume":"21","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0021|cit21","first-page":"349","article-title":"Postnatal incontinence: a multi centre, randomised controlled trial of conservative treatment [Abstract]","volume":"16","author":"Wilson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0022|cit22","first-page":"628","article-title":"Effect of pelvic floor exercise during pregnancy and puerperium on prevention of urinary stress incontinence","volume":"72","author":"Gorbea Chavez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ginecologia y Obstetricia de Mexico"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0024|cit23","unstructured":"Hughes P Personal communication 2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0023|cit24","first-page":"447","article-title":"Can antenatal pelvic floor exercises prevent postnatal incontinence [Abstract]","volume":"20","author":"Hughes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0025|cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-010-1248-4","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of antenatal pelvic floor exercises to prevent and treat urinary incontinence","volume":"22","author":"Ko","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Urogynecology Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0026|cit26","first-page":"1105","article-title":"Effect of antenatal pelvic floor muscle exercises in prevention and treatment of urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. (Abstract number 208)","volume":"29","author":"Liang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0027|cit27","first-page":"673","article-title":"Pelvic floor education after vaginal delivery","volume":"97","author":"Meyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0028|cit28","unstructured":"Meyer S Hohlfeld P De Grandi P Megalo A Is pelvic floor re-education after vaginal delivery effective? A prospective double-blind randomized study in primiparae [Abstract] Neurourology and Urodynamics 1999 290"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0029|cit29","first-page":"39","article-title":"Is pelvic floor reeducation after vaginal delivery effective? A prospective double-blind randomized study in primiparae [Abstract]","volume":"10 Suppl 1","author":"Meyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0030|cit30","first-page":"313","article-title":"Pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy to prevent urinary incontinence: a single-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"101","author":"Morkved","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0031|cit31","first-page":"667","article-title":"No difference in urinary incontinence between training and control group six years after cessation of a randomized controlled tiral, but improved sexual satisfaction in the training group [Abstract 50]","volume":"26","author":"Morkved","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0032|cit32","first-page":"667","article-title":"No difference in urinary incontinence between training and control group six years after cessation of a randomized trial, but improved sexual satisfaction in the training group [Abstract 50]","volume":"26","author":"Morkved","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"issue":"5\/6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0034|cit33","first-page":"410","article-title":"Does pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy have an effect on labour? [Abstract]","volume":"23","author":"Morkved","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0033|cit34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention of urinary incontinence during pregnancy - a randomized controlled trial of primiparous women [Abstract]","volume":"12 Suppl 3","author":"Morkved","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction"},{"issue":"7462","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0035|cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38163.724306.3A","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy","volume":"329","author":"Salvesen","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0036|cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2008.01742.x","article-title":"The long-term effectiveness of antenatal pelvic floor muscle training: eight-year follow up of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"115","author":"Agur","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0037|cit37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Can post partum stress incontinence be prevented? [Abstract]","volume":"12 Suppl 3","author":"Reilly","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Urogynecology Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0038|cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.t01-1-01116.x","article-title":"Prevention of postpartum stress incontinence in primigravidae with increased bladder neck mobility: a randomised controlled trial of antenatal pelvic floor exercises","volume":"109","author":"Reilly","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJOG: an I nternational J ournal of O bstetrics and Gy naecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0039|cit39","first-page":"2","article-title":"Prevention of postpartum stress incontinence in at risk primigravidae [Abstract]","volume":"10 Suppl 1","author":"Reilly","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0040|cit40","first-page":"57","article-title":"Prevention of stress incontinence by ante-natal pelvic floor exercises in primigravidae with bladder neck mobility: a three year follow-up [Abstract]","volume":"13 Suppl 1","author":"Udayasankar","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Urogynaecology Journal"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0041|cit41","unstructured":"Sampselle C Miller J Personal communication 2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0042|cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00672-8","article-title":"Effect of pelvic muscle exercise on transient incontinence during pregnancy and after birth","volume":"91","author":"Sampselle","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0043|cit43","unstructured":"Skelly J Rush J Eyles P Burlock S Morrow C Fedorkow D Postpartum urinary incontinence: Regional prevalence and the impact of teaching pelvic muscle exercises to pregnant women with UI [Abstract 552] Proceedings of the International Continence Society (34th Annual Meeting) and the International Urogynecology Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0044|cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-6138(87)80035-9","article-title":"Pelvic floor exercises in postnatal care","volume":"3","author":"Sleep","year":"1987","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0045|cit45","first-page":"941","article-title":"Does a regular exercise program including pelvic floor muscle exercises prevent urinary incontinence in pregnancy? (Abstract number 100)","volume":"30","author":"Stafne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0046|cit46","first-page":"106","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial to evaluate intrapartum pelvic floor exercise as a method of preventing urinary incontinence [Abstract]","volume":"167","author":"Stothers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0047|cit47","unstructured":"Wilson D Herbison P Borland M Grant AM A randomised controlled trial of physiotherapy treatment of postnatal urinary incontinence Proceedings of 26th Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 162"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0048|cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01901501","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of pelvic floor muscle exercises to treat postnatal urinary incontinence","volume":"9","author":"Wilson","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0049|cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woldringh C van den Wijngaart M Albers-Heitner P Lycklama a Nijeholt AAB Lagro-Janssen T Pelvic floor muscle training is not effective in women with UI in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial International Urogynecology Journal and pelvic Floor Dysf unction 2007 383 90 10.1007\/s00192-006-0175-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-006-0175-x"},{"issue":"5\/6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0050|cit50","first-page":"510","article-title":"Do antenatal pelvic floor training affect the outcome of labour? A randomised controlled trial [Abstract]","volume":"24","author":"Agur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"issue":"5\/6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0051|cit51","first-page":"451","article-title":"A blinded, sham-controlled trial of postpartum extracorporeal magnetic innervation to restore pelvic muscle strength in primiparous patients [Abstract]","volume":"23","author":"Culligan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0052|cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.11.014","article-title":"A randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled trial of postpartum extracorporeal magnetic innervation to restore pelvic muscle strength in primiparous patients","volume":"192","author":"Culligan","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0053|cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-35552011005000011","article-title":"Effect of pelvic floor muscle training on labour and newborn outcomes: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Dias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0054|cit54","first-page":"189","article-title":"Effect of exercise on the circumvaginal muscles (CVM) [Abstract]","volume":"6","author":"Dougherty","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0055|cit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-2182(89)90123-7","article-title":"The effect of exercise on the circumvaginal muscles in postpartum women","volume":"34","author":"Dougherty","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Nurse-Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0056|cit56","unstructured":"Fynes M Marshall K Cassidy M O'Connell R O'Herlihy C A prospective randomised study comparing the effect of augmented biofeedback with sensory biofeedback alone on faecal incontinence following obstetric trauma Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 28th Annual Meeting, 1998 Sep 14-17, Jerusalem, Israel 1998 151"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0057|cit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236930","article-title":"A prospective, randomized study comparing the effect of augmented biofeedback with sensory biofeedback alone on fecal incontinence after obstetric trauma","volume":"42","author":"Fynes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon and Rectum"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0058|cit58","unstructured":"Gouldthorpe H QA physiotherapy abdominal muscle assessment during and after pregnancy: Part 4 [Abstract] Australian and New Zealand Continence Journal 2003 92"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0060|cit59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348909028662","article-title":"Testing and training of the pelvic floor muscles after childbirth","volume":"68","author":"Jonasson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0059|cit60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jonasson A Larsson B Pschera H Fianu S Objective evaluation and training of the pelvic floor muscles after childbirth [Abstract] Proceedings of the ? 1988","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348909028662"},{"issue":"38","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0061|cit61","first-page":"2820","article-title":"Vagitrim - nyatt, enkelt, hjalpmedel for effektiv traning av backenbottenmuskulatur","volume":"89","author":"Jonasson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lakartioningen"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0062|cit62","first-page":"949","article-title":"Effect of antenatal pelvic floor exercises on bladder neck descent in nulliparous preganant women (Abstract number 105)","volume":"30","author":"Lekskulchai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0063|cit63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.10.040","article-title":"Prospective randomized comparison of intra-anal electromyographic biofeedback and intra-anal electromyographic biofeedback augmented with electrical stimulation of the anal sphincter","volume":"189","author":"Mahony","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0064|cit64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.07.006","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of intra-analysis electromyographic biofeedback physiotherapy with intra-anal electromyographic biofeedback augmented with electrical stimulation of the anal sphincter in the early treatment of postpartum fecal incontinence","volume":"191","author":"Mahony","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0065|cit65","unstructured":"Mason M A multicentre study to evaluate different pelvic floor exercise regimes National Research Register, 1999"},{"issue":"19-20","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0066|cit66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2010.03297.x","article-title":"The role of antenatal pelvic floor muscle exercises in prevention of postpartum stress incontinence: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Mason","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Nursing"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0067|cit67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348809004256","article-title":"Trainability of the pelvic floor. A prospective study during pregnancy and after delivery","volume":"67","author":"Nielsen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0068|cit68","unstructured":"Norton P Baker J Randomized prospective trial of vaginal cones versus Kegel exercises in postpartum primiparous women (Abstract) Proceedings of the American Urogynecology Society, 11th annual meeting, Oct 31-Nov 3, 1990, Tarpon Springs, Florida, USA 1990"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0069|cit69","first-page":"434","article-title":"Randomized prospective trial of vaginal cones vs Kegel exercises in postpartum primiparous women [Abstract]","volume":"9","author":"Norton","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0070|cit70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2011.05890.x","article-title":"Effect of pelvic floor muscle exercise programme on stress urinary incontinence among pregnant women","volume":"68","author":"Sangsawang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Nursing"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0071|cit71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1089\/gyn.1996.12.123","article-title":"The effects of episiotomy and Kegel exercises on postpartum pelvic relaxation: A prospective controlled study","volume":"12","author":"Taskin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Gynecologic Surgery"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0072|cit72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00375817","article-title":"Pelvic floor (Kegel) exercises: a pilot study in nulliparous women","volume":"5","author":"Thorp","year":"1994","journal-title":"International Urogynecology Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0073|cit73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215511411498","article-title":"Pelvic floor muscle exercises utilizing trunk stabilization for treating postpartum urinary incontinence: randomized controlled pilot trial of supervised versus unsupervised training","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0074|cit74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2012.03426.x","article-title":"Does regular exercise including pelvic floor muscle training prevent urinary and anal incontinence during pregnancy? A randomised controlled trial","volume":"119","author":"Stafne","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0075|cit75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgyn.2008.04.004","article-title":"[Prevent postnatal urinary incontinence by prenatal pelvic floor exercise? Rationale and protocol of the multicenter randomized study PreNatal Pelvic floor Prevention (3PN)]. [French]","volume":"37","author":"Fritel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction"},{"issue":"5\/6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0076|cit76","first-page":"510","article-title":"Do antenatal pelvic floor training affect the outcome of labour? A randomised controlled trial [Abstract 69]","volume":"24","author":"Agur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0077|cit77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1990.tb02570.x","article-title":"Pelvic floor damage and childbirth: a neurophysiological study","volume":"90","author":"Allen","year":"1990","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0078|cit78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(65)90460-6","article-title":"Pregnancy, childbirth, and the menopause related to the development of stress incontinence","volume":"91","author":"Beck","year":"1965","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0079|cit79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01901527","article-title":"Pelvic floor muscle exercise for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence","volume":"6","author":"Bo","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Urogynecology Journal"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0080|cit80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-004-1125-0","article-title":"Pelvic floor muscle training is effective in treatment of female stress urinary incontinence, but how does it work?","volume":"15","author":"B\u00f8","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0081|cit81","first-page":"722","article-title":"Does pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy negatively affect labour and birth? [Abstract 95]","volume":"26","author":"Bo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0082|cit82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.547","article-title":"Risk factors for perineal injury during delivery","volume":"189","author":"Christianson","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0083|cit83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s001920170078","article-title":"The effects of vaginal delivery and cesarean section on bladder neck mobility and stress urinary incontinence","volume":"12","author":"Demirci","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Urogynecology Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0084|cit84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005654.pub2","article-title":"Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women","author":"Dumoulin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0085|cit85","first-page":"326","article-title":"Anal incontinence after childbirth","volume":"166","author":"Eason","year":"2002","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0086|cit86","first-page":"350","article-title":"Parturition and urinary incontinence in primiparas","volume":"97","author":"Farrell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0087|cit87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.09.030","article-title":"Fecal and urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery with anal sphincter disruption in an obstetrics unit in the United States","volume":"189","author":"Fenner","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0088|cit88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.2.209","article-title":"Prevalent urinary incontinence as a correlate of pregnancy, vaginal childbirth, and obstetric techniques","volume":"89","author":"Foldspang","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0089|cit89","first-page":"899","article-title":"The onset of stress incontinence","volume":"67","author":"Francis","year":"1960","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0090|cit90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003191.pub2","article-title":"Physical therapies for prevention of urinary and faecal incontinence in adults","author":"Hay-Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0091|cit91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001407.pub2","article-title":"Pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in women","author":"Hay-Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0092|cit92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471","article-title":"Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women","author":"Hay-Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0093|cit93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)64189-X","article-title":"Clinical preventive medicine in primary care: background and practice: 1. Rationale and current preventive practices","volume":"75","author":"Hensrud","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings"},{"issue":"7515","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0094|cit94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7515.507","article-title":"Analysis of quality of interventions in systematic reviews","volume":"331","author":"Herbert","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7414","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0095|cit95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0096|cit96","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Green SS Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 4.2.5 [updated May 2005] http:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/resources\/handbook\/hbook.htm"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0097|cit97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001310.pub2","article-title":"Electrical stimulation for faecal incontinence in adults","author":"Hosker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0098|cit98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s001920200061","article-title":"Correlates of urinary incontinence in pregnancy","volume":"13","author":"Hvidman","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Urogynecology Journal"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0099|cit99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(81)90033-3","article-title":"Stress incontinence during pregnancy and puerperium","volume":"19","author":"Iosif","year":"1981","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0100|cit100","first-page":"33","article-title":"Epidemiology of fecal incontinence: the silent affliction","volume":"91","author":"Johanson","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0101|cit101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(48)90266-X","article-title":"Progressive resistance exercise in the functional restoration of the perineal muscles","volume":"56","author":"Kegel","year":"1948","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0102|cit102","first-page":"678","article-title":"Obstetric practice and faecal incontinence three months after delivery","volume":"108","author":"MacArthur","year":"2001","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0103|cit103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-6138(99)90008-6","article-title":"The prevalence of stress incontinence during pregnancy and following delivery","volume":"15","author":"Mason","year":"1999","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0104|cit104","first-page":"613","article-title":"The effects of birth on urinary continence mechanisms and other pelvic-floor characteristics","volume":"92","author":"Meyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0105|cit105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-007-0525-3","article-title":"Clarification and confirmation of the Knack maneuver: the effect of volitional pelvic floor muscle contraction to preempt expected stress incontinence","volume":"19","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0106|cit106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02765817","article-title":"Effect of post partum pelvic floor muscle exercise in prevention and treatment of urinary incontinence","volume":"8","author":"M\u00f8rkved","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Urogynecology Journal"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0107|cit107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s001920050067","article-title":"Prevalence of urinary incontinence during pregnancy and postpartum","volume":"10","author":"Morkved","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0108|cit108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002111.pub3","article-title":"Biofeedback and\/or sphincter exercises for the treatment of faecal incontinence in adults","author":"Norton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0109|cit109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000147597.45349.e8","article-title":"Anal incontinence after vaginal delivery: a five-year prospective cohort study","volume":"104","author":"Pollack","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0110|cit110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021788","article-title":"Urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery or caesarean section","volume":"348","author":"Rortveit","year":"2003","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0111|cit111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00588-X","article-title":"Vaginal delivery parameters and urinary incontinence: the Norwegian EPICONT study","volume":"189","author":"Rortveit","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"7227","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0112|cit112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7227.86","article-title":"Midline episiotomy and anal incontinence: retrospective cohort study","volume":"320","author":"Signorello","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0113|cit113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1980.tb04444.x","article-title":"The incidence of urological symptoms in normal pregnancy","volume":"87","author":"Stanton","year":"1980","journal-title":"Britrish Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"7347","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0114|cit114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7347.1193","article-title":"Patient non-compliance with paper diaries","volume":"324","author":"Stone","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0115|cit115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(02)00320-3","article-title":"Patient compliance with paper and electronic diaries","volume":"24","author":"Stone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Controlled Clinical Trials"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0116|cit116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(93)90514-W","article-title":"Anal sphincter trauma during instrumental delivery","volume":"43","author":"Sultan","year":"1993","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0117|cit117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1999.tb08268.x","article-title":"Primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter rupture using the overlap technique","volume":"106","author":"Sultan","year":"1999","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0118|cit118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70546-6","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in pregnancy and the puerperium: A prospective study","volume":"181","author":"Thorp","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0119|cit119","first-page":"945","article-title":"The symptom of stress incontinence caused by pregnancy or delivery in primiparas","volume":"79","author":"Viktrup","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0120|cit120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00372807","article-title":"The frequency of urological symptoms during pregnancy and delivery in primiparae","volume":"4","author":"Viktrup","year":"1993","journal-title":"International Urogynecology Journal"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0121|cit121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/s001920070002","article-title":"Lower urinary tract symptoms 5 years after the first delivery","volume":"11","author":"Viktrup","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Urogynecology Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0122|cit122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000226860.01127.0e","article-title":"Risk of stress urinary incontinence twelve years after the first pregnancy and delivery","volume":"108","author":"Viktrup","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2-BIB0123|cit123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1996.tb09668.x","article-title":"Obstetric practice and the prevalence of urinary incontinence three months after delivery","volume":"103","author":"Wilson","year":"1996","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd007471.pub3","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]],"date-time":"2017-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513900800000}}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/wol1\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2\/fullpdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]],"date-time":"2022-01-30T00:32:45Z","timestamp":1643502765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD007471.pub2"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"name":"Cochrane Incontinence Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,17]]},"references-count":123,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd007471.pub2","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.717962229.793465924","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.717962229.793466090","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.717962229.793465613","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1465-1858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-1858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,17]]}}}