{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T19:07:18Z","timestamp":1791659238603,"version":"4.3.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd008123.pub3","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]],"date-time":"2019-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555459200000}}],"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com","cochranelibrary.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd008123.pub4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]],"date-time":"2019-04-17T06:21:27Z","timestamp":1555482087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Medical treatment for botulism"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Colin H","family":"Chalk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery; Montreal General Hospital - Room L7-313 1650 Cedar Avenue Montreal QC Canada H3G 1A4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim J","family":"Benstead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University; Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology; Room 3828 Halifax Infirmary, 1796 Summer Street Halifax NS Canada B3H 3A7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua D","family":"Pound","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al (CRCHUM); Department of Neurology; 900 St Denis St Montreal Quebec Canada H2X 0A9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark R","family":"Keezer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al; Neurosciences & Social and Preventative Medicine; Pavillon R R04-700 1000 rue St Denis Montreal Quebec Canada H2X 0C1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0001|cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051926","article-title":"Human botulism immune globulin for the treatment of infant botulism","volume":"354","author":"Arnon","year":"2006","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0002|cit2","first-page":"379","article-title":"Human type A botulism and treatment with 3,4-diaminopyridine","volume":"32","author":"Davis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0003|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410060117","article-title":"Botulism, type A, and treatment with guanidine","volume":"6","author":"Kaplan","year":"1979","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0004|cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-002-1247-0","article-title":"Plasmapheresis as an adjunct treatment in severe botulism","volume":"28","author":"Atabek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Intensive Care Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0005|cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(80)90469-6","article-title":"Hypersensitivity reactions associated with botulinal antitoxin","volume":"69","author":"Black","year":"1980","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0006|cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.01.012","article-title":"3,4-diaminopyridine reverses paralysis in botulinum neurotoxin-intoxicated diaphragms through two functionally distinct mechanisms","volume":"341","author":"Bradford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0007|cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268805003845","article-title":"Soft tissue infections caused by spore-forming bacteria in injecting drug users in the United Kingdom","volume":"133","author":"Brett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0008|cit8","first-page":"389","article-title":"Botulism from home-canned bamboo shoots - Nan Province, Thailand","volume":"55","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2006","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0009|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1159\/000069073","article-title":"Early antitoxin treatment in wound botulism results in better outcome","volume":"49","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0010|cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196804252781704","article-title":"Botulism and guanidine","volume":"278","author":"Cherington","year":"1968","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0011|cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197001222820405","article-title":"Treatment of botulism with guanidine. Early neurophysiologic studies","volume":"282","author":"Cherington","year":"1970","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0012|cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1974.00490360008003","article-title":"Botulism: ten year experience","volume":"30","author":"Cherington","year":"1974","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0013|cit13","first-page":"1388","article-title":"Infant botulism","volume":"65","author":"Cox","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Family Physician"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0014|cit14","unstructured":"Deeks JJ Higgins JPT Altman DG editor(s) Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from handbook.cochrane.org"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0015|cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/DMP.0b013e318158c5fd","article-title":"Botulism: cause, effects, diagnosis, clinical and laboratory identification, and treatment modalities","volume":"1","author":"Dembek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0016|cit16","first-page":"601","article-title":"Treatment of severe botulism with 3,4 diaminopyridine","volume":"31","author":"Dock","year":"2002","journal-title":"Presse Medicale"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0017|cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S202","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/6.Supplement_1.S202","article-title":"Botulism and tetanus: selected epidemiologic and microbiologic aspects","volume":"6 Suppl 1","author":"Dowell","year":"1984","journal-title":"Reviews of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"7121","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0018|cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7121.1533","article-title":"Meta-analysis: principles and procedures","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0019|cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197109302851404","article-title":"Failure of guanidine therapy in botulism A","volume":"283","author":"Faich","year":"1971","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0020|cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12880","article-title":"3,4-diaminopyridine may improve neuromuscular block during botulism","volume":"17","author":"Friggeri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0021|cit21","unstructured":"Brozek J, Oxman A, Sch\u00fcnemann H GRADEpro 2008"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0022|cit22","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Altman DG Sterne JAC editor(s) Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from handbook.cochrane.org"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0023|cit23","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Deeks JJ Altman DG editor(s) Chapter 16: Special topics in statistics. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from handbook.cochrane.org"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0024|cit24","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Deeks JJ editor(s) Chapter 7: Selecting studies and collecting data. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editor(s), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0025|cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.02.042","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of investigational recombinant botulinum vaccine, rBV A\/B, in volunteers with pre-existing botulinum toxoid immunity","volume":"36","author":"Khouri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0026|cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1827","article-title":"Global occurrence of infant botulism, 1976-2006","volume":"122","author":"Koepke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0027|cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247-56","DOI":"10.1086\/508176","article-title":"An outbreak of botulism in Thailand: clinical manifestations and management of severe respiratory failure","volume":"43","author":"Kongsaengdao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0028|cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdl053","article-title":"Food-borne botulism in the United Kingdom","volume":"28","author":"McLauchlin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0029|cit29","volume-title":"Effectiveness of Medical Defense Interventions Against Predicted Battlefield Level of Botulinum Toxin A","author":"McNally","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0030|cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.11.010","article-title":"Retrospective survey to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Japanese botulinum antitoxin therapy in Japan","volume":"110","author":"Mottate","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0031|cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.135.5.726","article-title":"Guanidine in type B botulism","volume":"135","author":"Oh","year":"1975","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0032|cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137135.x","article-title":"Severe botulism after eating home-preserved asparagus","volume":"157","author":"Paterson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0033|cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1978.03290210058027","article-title":"Botulism and guanidine. Ten years later","volume":"240","author":"Puggiari","year":"1978","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0034|cit34","unstructured":"Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager 5 (RevMan 5) 2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0035|cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1C034","article-title":"Management of botulism","volume":"37","author":"Robinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0036|cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1097\/00002480-200011000-00025","article-title":"Extracorporeal adsorption as a new approach to treatment of botulism","volume":"46","author":"Sato","year":"2000","journal-title":"ASAIO Journal"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0037|cit37","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann HJ Oxman AD Higgins JPT Vist GE Glasziou P Guyatt GH Chapter 11: Presenting results and \u2018Summary of findings' tables. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from handbook.cochrane.org"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0038|cit38","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann HJ Oxman AD Vist GE Higgins JPT Deeks JJ Glasziou P Chapter 12: Interpreting results and drawing conclusions. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from handbook.cochrane.org"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0039|cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-3-199808010-00011","article-title":"Botulism in the United States: a clinical and epidemiologic review","volume":"129","author":"Shapiro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0040|cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-7766.2005.00276.x","article-title":"Wound botulism","volume":"5","author":"Sieradzan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Practical Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0041|cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1086\/444507","article-title":"Botulism","volume":"41","author":"Sobel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0042|cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(84)90988-4","article-title":"Equine antitoxin use and other factors that predict outcome in type A foodborne botulism","volume":"76","author":"Tacket","year":"1984","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0043|cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000166950.35189.5E","article-title":"Infant botulism in the age of botulism immune globulin","volume":"64","author":"Thompson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0044|cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073807308707","article-title":"Infant botulism: 20 years' experience at a single institution","volume":"22","author":"Tseng-Ong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Child Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0045|cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3276","article-title":"Infant botulism: a 30-year experience spanning the introduction of botulism immune globulin intravenous in the intensive care unit at Children's Hospital Los Angeles","volume":"120","author":"Underwood","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0046|cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05261-11","article-title":"Equine botulinum antitoxin for the treatment of infant botulism","volume":"18","author":"Vanella de Cuetos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0047|cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123","article-title":"Medical treatment for botulism","author":"Chalk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4-BIB0048|cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub2","article-title":"Medical treatment for botulism","author":"Chalk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/cdsr\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4\/epdf\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T22:17:12Z","timestamp":1628547432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD008123.pub4"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"name":"Cochrane Neuromuscular Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]]},"references-count":48,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd008123.pub4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-1858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-1858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]]}}}