{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:41:21Z","timestamp":1789778481334,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd008982","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,15]],"date-time":"2013-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1373846400000}}],"reference-count":179,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com","cochranelibrary.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd008982.pub2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,15]],"date-time":"2013-07-15T18:54:28Z","timestamp":1373914468000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Postpartum misoprostol for preventing maternal mortality and morbidity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"G Justus","family":"Hofmeyr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand, University of Fort Hare, Eastern Cape Department of Health; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, East London Hospital Complex; Frere and Cecilia Makiwane Hospitals Private Bag X 9047 East London Eastern Cape South Africa 5200"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A Metin","family":"G\u00fclmezoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization; UNDP\/UNFPA\/WHO\/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research; 20 Avenue Appia Geneva Switzerland 1211"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Novikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Sisulu University; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, East London Hospital Complex; Private Bag X9047 East London South Africa 5200"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa A","family":"Lawrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal United Hospital; The Cochrane Gynaecological Cancer Group; Education Centre Bath UK BA13NG"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0001|cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.1999.tb03124.x","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial comparing oral misoprostol with synthetic oxytocin or syntometrine in the third stage of labour","volume":"39","author":"Cook","year":"1999","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0002|cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3329\/jbcps.v25i2.373","article-title":"Misoprostol versus oxytocin in the active management of the third stage of labour","volume":"25","author":"Sultana","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0003|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1999.tb08115.x","article-title":"Misoprostol compared with methylergometrine for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage: a double-blind randomised trial","volume":"106","author":"Amant","year":"1999","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"9710","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0004|cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61923-1","article-title":"Treatment of post-partum haemorrhage with sublingual misoprostol versus oxytocin in women receiving prophylactic oxytocin: a double-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial","volume":"375","author":"Blum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0005|cit5","first-page":"S22","article-title":"Treatment of postpartum hemorrhage with sublingual misoprostol versus oxytocin: results from a randomized non-inferiority trial among women receiving prophylactic oxytocin","volume":"107","author":"Blum","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0006|cit6","first-page":"S150","article-title":"Side effect profiles for misoprostol and oxytocin in the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"107","author":"Dao","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0007|cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)30296-1","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of rectal misoprostol versus oxytocin in third stage management","volume":"24","author":"Karkanis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada: JOGC"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0008|cit8","first-page":"39S","article-title":"Prophylactic use of misoprostol in the third stage of labor [abstract]","volume":"105","author":"Baskett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0009|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2006.12.016","article-title":"Misoprostol versus oxytocin for the reduction of postpartum blood loss","volume":"97","author":"Baskett","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0010|cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.1.31","article-title":"A multicentre randomized controlled trial of oral misoprostol and im syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labour","volume":"16","author":"Ng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0011|cit11","unstructured":"Ng PS Chan ASM Sin WK Tang LCH Cheung KB Yuen PM Comparison of oral misoprostol and intramuscular syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labor - a multicenter randomised controlled trial XVI FIGO World Congress of Obstetrics & Gynecology. Book 4; 2000 Sept 3-8; Washington DC, USA 2000 29"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0012|cit12","first-page":"910","article-title":"Prevention of early postpartum hemorrhage by way of oral misoprostol","volume":"18","author":"Fu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Science"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0013|cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-6349.2004.00572.x","article-title":"A pilot-randomized comparison of sublingual misoprostol with syntometrine on the blood loss in third stage of labor","volume":"83","author":"Lam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0014|cit14","unstructured":"Yuen PM Ng PS Sahota DS A double-blind randomised controlled trial of oral misoprostol in addition to intra-muscular syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labour 30th British Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 2004 July 7-9; Glasgow, UK 2004 62"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0015|cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000095498","article-title":"A double-blind randomized controlled trial of oral misoprostol and intramuscular syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labor","volume":"63","author":"Ng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0016|cit16","unstructured":"Ng PS Yuen PM Sahota DS Comparison of oral misoprostol and intravascular syntocinon in the management of the third stage of labour - a double-blind randomised controlled trial 30th British Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 2004 July 7-9; Glasgow, UK 2004 69"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0017|cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.18597\/rcog.655","article-title":"Active management of childbirth with sublingual misoprostol: a controlled clinical trial in the Hospital de Maternidad Rafael Calvo","volume":"53","author":"Penaranda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Revista Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecologia"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0020|cit18","unstructured":"Winikoff B Misoprostol for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage ClinicalTrials.gov (http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/) (accessed 20 February 2008) 2008"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0018|cit19","first-page":"S59","article-title":"Treatment of postpartum hemorrhage with sublingual misoprostol versus oxytocin: results from a randomized, non-inferiority trial among women not exposed to oxytocin during labor","volume":"107","author":"Winikoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"9710","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0019|cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61924-3","article-title":"Treatment of post-partum haemorrhage with sublingual misoprostol versus oxytocin in women not exposed to oxytocin during labour: a double-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial","volume":"375","author":"Winikoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0021|cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.01.018","article-title":"Rectal misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"105","author":"Nasr","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0022|cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2012.03.038","article-title":"Impact of preoperative rectal misoprostol on blood loss during and after elective cesarean delivery","volume":"118","author":"Elsedeek","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0023|cit23","first-page":"625","article-title":"Effects of preoperative sublingual misoprostol on uterine tone during isoflurane anesthesia for cesarean section","volume":"62","author":"Tahan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0024|cit24","first-page":"576","article-title":"Role of misoprostol in the delivery outcome. [French]","volume":"30","author":"Benchimol","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0025|cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00217.x","article-title":"Misoprostol in the treatment of postpartum haemorrhage in addition to routine management: a placebo randomised controlled trial","volume":"111","author":"Walraven","year":"2004","journal-title":"BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0026|cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00711.x","article-title":"Misoprostol in the management of the third stage of labour in the home delivery setting in rural Gambia: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"112","author":"Walraven","year":"2005","journal-title":"BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0027|cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11109.x","article-title":"A double-blind placebo controlled randomised trial of misoprostol and oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour","volume":"107","author":"Walley","year":"2000","journal-title":"BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0028|cit28","unstructured":"Parsons S Ntumy YM Walley RL Wilson JB Crane JMG Matthews K Rectal misoprostol vs intramuscular oxytocin in the routine management of the third stage of labour 30th British Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 2004 July 7-9; Glasgow, UK 2004 18"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0029|cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)32594-4","article-title":"Rectal misoprostol versus oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour","volume":"29","author":"Parsons","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0030|cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7519.723","article-title":"Effect of sublingual misoprostol on severe postpartum haemorrhage in a primary health centre in Guinea-Bissau: randomised double blind clinical trial","volume":"331","author":"Hoj","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0031|cit31","first-page":"1341","article-title":"Reduced post-partum bleeding after treatment with sublingual misoprostol: a randomized double-blind clinical study in a developing country - secondary publication","volume":"168","author":"Nielsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ugeskrift for Laeger"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0032|cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2004.05.016","article-title":"Sublingual misoprostol versus methylergometrine for active management of third stage of labor","volume":"87","author":"Vimala","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0033|cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2005.07.005","article-title":"Oral misoprostol versus injectable methylergometrine in management of the third stage of labor","volume":"91","author":"Garg","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0034|cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2005.10.008","article-title":"Sublingual misoprostol versus oxytocin infusion to reduce blood loss at cesarean section","volume":"92","author":"Vimala","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0035|cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2005.08.026","article-title":"Oral misoprostol in the third stage of labor","volume":"92","author":"Zachariah","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"9543","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0036|cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69522-6","article-title":"Oral misoprostol in preventing postpartum haemorrhage in resource-poor communities: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"368","author":"Derman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0037|cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2007.08.025","article-title":"Factors associated with acute postpartum hemorrhage in low-risk women delivering in rural India","volume":"101","author":"Geller","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0038|cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2004.08.019","article-title":"Conducting international collaborative research in developing nations","volume":"87","author":"Geller","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0039|cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050802132158","article-title":"Variation in the postpartum hemorrhage rate in a clinical trial of oral misoprostol","volume":"21","author":"Goudar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0040|cit40","first-page":"91","article-title":"Initiating a novel therapy in preventing postpartum hemorrhage in rural India: a joint collaboration between the United States and India","volume":"49","author":"Kodkany","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Fertility & Womens Medicine"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0041|cit41","first-page":"S141","article-title":"The efficacy of oral misoprostol in preventing postpartum hemorrhage in a community setting: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"94","author":"Kodkany","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0042|cit42","unstructured":"Moss NM Oral misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage (ongoing trial) ClinicalTrials.gov (http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0043|cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050802452309","article-title":"Side effects of oral misoprostol for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: results of a community-based randomised controlled trial in rural India","volume":"22","author":"Patted","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0044|cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2006.03.024","article-title":"Rectal misoprostol vs. 15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"94","author":"Nellore","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0045|cit45","first-page":"S137","article-title":"A double-blind randomized controlled trial to compare sublingual misoprostol with methylergometrine for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"94","author":"Verma","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0046|cit46","first-page":"S139","article-title":"Rectal misoprostol versus oxytocin in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage - a pilot study","volume":"94","author":"Gupta","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0047|cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2008.00843.x","article-title":"Low-dose sublingual misoprostol versus methylergometrine for active management of the third stage of labor","volume":"34","author":"Chhabra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0048|cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.06.007","article-title":"Comparison of sublingual misoprostol, intravenous oxytocin, and intravenous methylergometrine in active management of the third stage of labor","volume":"107","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0049|cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-009-1019-y","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of prophylactic sublingual misoprostol versus intramuscular methyl-ergometrine versus intramuscular 15-methyl PGF2alpha in active management of third stage of labor","volume":"280","author":"Vaid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0050|cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.11.009","article-title":"Rectally administered misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin infusion during cesarean delivery to reduce intraoperative and postoperative blood loss","volume":"109","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0051|cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-012-0168-2","article-title":"Sublingual misoprostol to reduce blood loss at cesarean delivery","volume":"62","author":"Sood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0052|cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2011.09.016","article-title":"Sublingual misoprostol versus intramuscular oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in low-risk women","volume":"116","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0053|cit53","first-page":"S124","article-title":"Sublingual (SL) powdered misoprostol (400 mcg) vs IM oxytocin (10 IU) for prevention of postpartum blood loss - a randomized controlled trial","volume":"107","author":"Bellad","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0054|cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2012.03341.x","article-title":"Prevention of postpartum haemorrhage with sublingual misoprostol or oxytocin: a double-blind randomised controlled trial","volume":"119","author":"Bellad","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0055|cit55","first-page":"46","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial: the effectiveness of oral misoprostol versus oxytocin in prevention of postpartum hemorrhage [abstract]","volume":"28","author":"Dasuki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0056|cit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610903061744","article-title":"The effect of sublingual misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin in reducing bleeding after caesarean section","volume":"29","author":"Eftekhari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0057|cit57","first-page":"201","article-title":"A randomized comparison of rectal misoprostol with syntometrine on blood loss in the third stage of labour","volume":"58","author":"Harriott","year":"2009","journal-title":"West Indian Medical Journal"},{"issue":"6 Suppl 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0058|cit58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S99, Abstract n","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.10.336","article-title":"Additional rectal misoprostol plus intravenous oxytocin versus intravenous oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean section","volume":"197","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0059|cit59","first-page":"469","article-title":"Intrauterine misoprostol for the prevention of bleeding cesarean","volume":"77","author":"Quiroga Diaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ginecologia y Obstetricia de Mexico"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0060|cit60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(01)00346-0","article-title":"Misoprostol for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"73","author":"Bugalho","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0061|cit61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3126\/kumj.v9i1.6254","article-title":"Rectal misoprostol versus intramuscular oxytocin for prevention of post partum hemorrhage","volume":"33","author":"Shrestha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kathmandu University Medical Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0062|cit62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/0144361021000043146","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of misoprostol versus oxytocin in the active management of the third stage of labour","volume":"23","author":"Oboro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0063|cit63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2007.00661.x","article-title":"Oral misoprostol for the prevention of primary post-partum hemorrhage during third stage of labor","volume":"33","author":"Enakpene","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0064|cit64","first-page":"207","article-title":"Oral misoprostol versus intramuscular oxytocin in the active management of the third stage of labour","volume":"51","author":"Afolabi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Singapore Medical Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0065|cit65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2010.08.023","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of misoprostol and routine uterotonics for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"112","author":"Fawole","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0066|cit66","first-page":"76","article-title":"A randomised clinical trial comparing the efficacy of oxytocin injection and oral misoprostol tablet in the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage in Maiduguri Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Sadiq","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Research Journal of Pharmacy"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0067|cit67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2010.01399.x","article-title":"Effect of sublingual misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin on reducing blood loss at cesarean section in Nigeria: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Owonikoko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0068|cit68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-8-40","article-title":"Misoprostol in addition to routine treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: a hospital-based randomized-controlled trial in Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"8","author":"Zuberi","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0069|cit69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02807.x","article-title":"Administration of misoprostol by trained traditional birth attendants to prevent postpartum haemorrhage in homebirths in Pakistan: a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"118","author":"Mobeen","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0070|cit70","first-page":"S92","article-title":"Use of misoprostol by trained traditional birth attendants to prevent postpartum haemorrhage during home deliveries in Pakistan: a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"107","author":"Mobeen","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0071|cit71","unstructured":"Mobeen N Walraven G Misoprostol for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in rural Pakistan (ongoing trial) ClinicalTrials.gov (http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0072|cit72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.1998.770209.x","article-title":"Randomized comparison of rectal misoprostol with syntometrine for management of third stage of labor","volume":"77","author":"Bamigboye","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0073|cit73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10259.x","article-title":"A randomised placebo controlled trial of oral misoprostol in the third stage of labour","volume":"105","author":"Hofmeyr","year":"1998","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0074|cit74","unstructured":"Hofmeyr GJ de Jager M Rose L Nikodem VC Lawrie T Misoprostol for third stage of labour management: a double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Priorities in Perinatal Care; 1997; South Africa 1997 29 31"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0075|cit75","unstructured":"Bamigboye AA Hofmeyr GJ Merrell DA Rectal misoprostol in the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage: a placebo controlled trial Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Priorities in Perinatal Care; 1998; South Africa 1998 49 52"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0076|cit76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70212-1","article-title":"Rectal misoprostol in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a placebo-controlled trial","volume":"179","author":"Bamigboye","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0077|cit77","unstructured":"Hofmeyr GJ Nikodem C de Jager M Drakely A Gilbart B Oral misoprostol for labour third stage management: randomised assessment of side effects Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Priorities in Perinatal Care; 1998; South Africa 1998 53 4"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0078|cit78","first-page":"S40","article-title":"Side effects of oral misoprostol in the third stage of labour: a random allocation placebo controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Hofmeyr","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0079|cit79","first-page":"432","article-title":"Side-effects of oral misoprostol in the third stage of labour--a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"91","author":"Hofmeyr","year":"2001","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0080|cit80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10259.x","article-title":"A randomised placebo controlled trial of oral misoprostol in the third stage of labour","volume":"105","author":"Hofmeyr","year":"1998","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0081|cit81","first-page":"432","article-title":"Side-effects of oral misoprostol in the third stage of labour--a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"91","author":"Hofmeyr","year":"2001","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0082|cit82","unstructured":"Maholwana B Hofmeyr GJ Nikodem C Ferreira S Singata M Mangesi L Misoprostol for treating postpartum haemorrhage 21st Conference on Priorities in Perinatal Care in South Africa; 2002 March 5-8; Eastern Cape, South Africa 2002"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0083|cit83","unstructured":"Lokugamage AU Moodley J Sullivan K Rodeck CH Niculescu L Tigere P The Durban primary postpartum haemorrhage study Women's Health - into the new millennium. Proceedings of the 4th International Scientific Meeting of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists; 1999 October 3-6; Cape Town South Africa RCOG 1999 77 8"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0084|cit84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2001.080009835.x","article-title":"A randomized study comparing rectally administered misoprostol versus Syntometrine combined with an oxytocin infusion for the cessation of primary post partum hemorrhage","volume":"80","author":"Lokugamage","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0085|cit85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-4-16","article-title":"Misoprostol for treating postpartum haemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN72263357]","volume":"4","author":"Hofmeyr","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0087|cit86","unstructured":"Hofmeyr GJ Misoprostol for preventing postpartum hemorrhage ClinicalTrials.gov (http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/) (accessed 20 February 2008) 2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0086|cit87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2010.08.019","article-title":"Administration of 400mug of misoprostol to augment routine active management of the third stage of labor","volume":"112","author":"Hofmeyr","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0088|cit88","unstructured":"Villar J Misoprostol to treat postpartum hemorrhage (PPH): a randomized controlled trial (Argentina, Egypt, South Africa, Thailand and Viet Nam) Current Controlled Trials (www.controlled-trials.com\/mrct) (accessed 21 March 2006) 2006"},{"issue":"9728","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0089|cit89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60348-0","article-title":"Misoprostol as an adjunct to standard uterotonics for treatment of post-partum haemorrhage: a multicentre, double-blind randomised trial","volume":"375","author":"Widmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0090|cit90","first-page":"543","article-title":"Active management of the third phase of labour plus 400 mug of sublingual misoprostol and 200 mug of rectal misoprostol versus active management only in the prevention of post-partum haemorrhage. A randomised clinical trial","volume":"52","author":"Carbonell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Progresos de Obstetricia y Ginecologia"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0091|cit91","first-page":"33","article-title":"Misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial [abstract]","volume":"Book 1","author":"Surbek","year":"2000","journal-title":"XVI FIGO World Congress of Obstetrics & Gynecology; 2000 Sept 3-8; Washington DC, USA"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0092|cit92","first-page":"144","article-title":"Oral misoprostol vs placebo for third stage of labour","volume":"39","author":"Surbek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gynakologisch Geburtshilfliche Rundschau"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0093|cit93","first-page":"255","article-title":"Oral misoprostol for third stage of labor: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"94","author":"Surbek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0094|cit94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2006.05.031","article-title":"Oral misoprostol vs. intravenous oxytocin in reducing blood loss after emergency cesarean delivery","volume":"95","author":"Lapaire","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0095|cit95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmwh.2008.09.010","article-title":"Randomized double masked trial of Zhi Byed 11, a Tibetan traditional medicine, versus misoprostol to prevent postpartum hemorrhage in Lhasa, Tibet","volume":"54","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0096|cit96","first-page":"S145","article-title":"Preliminary progress report: randomized double-blind trial of Zhi Byed 11, a Tibetan traditional medicine, versus misoprostol to prevent postpartum hemorrhage in Lhasa, Tibet","volume":"94","author":"Tudor","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0097|cit97","unstructured":"Wright L Preventing postpartum hemorrhage using a Tibetan traditional medicine (ongoing trial) ClinicalTrials.gov (http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0098|cit98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgyn.2009.09.006","article-title":"Benefit of misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in cesarean section: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Fekih","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0099|cit99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.126293","article-title":"Is rectal misoprostol really effective in the treatment of third stage of labor? A randomized controlled trial","volume":"187","author":"Caliskan","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0100|cit100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200305000-00017","article-title":"Oral misoprostol for the third stage of labor: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"101","author":"Caliskan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0101|cit101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2005.00307.x","article-title":"Placebo-controlled randomized comparison of vaginal with rectal misoprostol in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"31","author":"Ozkaya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0102|cit102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11108.x","article-title":"The misoprostol third stage of labour study: a randomised controlled comparison between orally administered misoprostol and standard management","volume":"107","author":"El-Refaey","year":"2000","journal-title":"BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0103|cit103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2001.080003245.x","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial comparing effect of oral misoprostol and intravenous syntocinon on intra-operative blood loss during cesarean section","volume":"80","author":"Acharya","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0104|cit104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2001.tb01319.x","article-title":"Active management of the third stage at caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial of misoprostol versus syntocinon","volume":"41","author":"Lokugamage","year":"2001","journal-title":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0105|cit105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117360","article-title":"Rectal misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery","volume":"185","author":"Gerstenfeld","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0106|cit106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000144119.94565.18","article-title":"Buccal misoprostol to decrease blood loss after vaginal delivery: a randomized trial","volume":"104","author":"Bhullar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0107|cit107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.12.033","article-title":"Buccal misoprostol to prevent hemorrhage at cesarean delivery: a randomized study","volume":"192","author":"Hamm","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0108|cit108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1999.tb08266.x","article-title":"Misoprostol dose-related shivering and pyrexia in the third stage of labour Who collaborative trial of misoprostol in the management of the third stage of labour","volume":"106","author":"Lumbiganon","year":"1999","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0109|cit109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05835-4","article-title":"WHO multicentre randomised trial of misoprostol in the management of the third stage of labour","volume":"358","author":"Gulmezoglu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0110|cit110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-0328(02)02919-1","article-title":"Side effects of oral misoprostol during the first 24 hours after administration in the third stage of labour","volume":"109","author":"Lumbiganon","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0111|cit111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(01)00498-2","article-title":"Misoprostol versus oxytocin in the third stage of labor","volume":"75","author":"Kundodyiwa","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0112|cit112","first-page":"912","article-title":"Sublingual misoprostol for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"30","author":"Al-Harazi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Saudi Medical Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0113|cit113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2005.10.019","article-title":"Oral misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage by paramedical workers in India","volume":"92","author":"Chandhiok","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0114|cit114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)30434-0","article-title":"A preliminary study of cutaneous blood flow associated with postpartum use of oral misoprostol","volume":"26","author":"Chandra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Canada: JOGC"},{"issue":"1 Pt 2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0115|cit115","first-page":"S68","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of misoprostol versus oxytocin in preventing postpartum blood loss","volume":"180","author":"Daly","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0116|cit116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.1999.tb01171.x","article-title":"The use of rectal misoprostol as active pharmacological management of the third stage of labor","volume":"25","author":"Diab","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0117|cit117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.05.044","article-title":"Optimization of third-stage management after second-trimester medical pregnancy termination","volume":"201","author":"Dickinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0118|cit118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02821.x","article-title":"The effect of misoprostol on postpartum contractions: a randomised comparison of three sublingual doses","volume":"118","author":"Elati","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0119|cit119","first-page":"313","article-title":"Effect on different doses of misoprostol to prevent postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chinese Nursing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0120|cit120","first-page":"9","article-title":"Application of anus misoprostol to decrease the volume of post partum hemorrhage","volume":"16","author":"Jin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Practical Nursing"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0121|cit121","first-page":"332","article-title":"Comparison of oral misoprostol and intramuscular methylergonovine for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"12","author":"Jirakulsawas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thai Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0122|cit122","first-page":"968","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and adverse-effect profile of rectally administered misoprostol in the third stage of labor","volume":"101","author":"Khan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0123|cit123","first-page":"587","article-title":"Oral versus rectal misoprostol in the prevention of primary postpartum hemorrage","volume":"5","author":"Khanun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0124|cit124","unstructured":"Kumar S A study to determine the efficacy of 600 mcg misoprostol in prevention of post partum haemorrhage 54th All India Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 2011 January 5-9; Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India 2011 305"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0125|cit125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2006.04.011","article-title":"Evaluation of two uterotonic medications for the management of the third stage of labor","volume":"94","author":"Kushtagi","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0126|cit126","first-page":"689","article-title":"Effect of oral misoprostol after second-trimester delivery: a randomized, blinded study","volume":"100","author":"Leader","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0127|cit127","first-page":"34","article-title":"Prophylactic and therapeutic effect of misoprofil plus oxytocin on postpartum hemorrhage in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Postgraduates of Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0128|cit128","first-page":"11","article-title":"Clinical study on reduction of postpartum bleeding in the risk factors by misoprostol","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hainan Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0129|cit129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lokugamage AU Paine M Bassau-Balroop H El-Refaey K Sullivan K Rodek C Active management of the third stage at caesarean section: misoprostol vs syntocinon XVI FIGO World Congress of Obstetrics & Gynecology (Book 2); 2000 Sept 3-8; Washington DC, USA 2000 54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(00)86282-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0130|cit130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-010-1466-5","article-title":"Rectal versus oral misoprostol for active management of third stage of labor: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"283","author":"Mansouri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0131|cit131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)32029-1","article-title":"Oral misoprostol versus oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour","volume":"28","author":"Parsons","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0132|cit132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2005.03.007","article-title":"Controlling postpartum hemorrhage after homebirths in Tanzania","volume":"90","author":"Prata","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0133|cit133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.11.006","article-title":"Expanding uterotonic protection following childbirth through community-based distribution of misoprostol: Operations research study in Nepal","volume":"108","author":"Rajbhandari","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0134|cit134","unstructured":"Chatterjee A Misoprostol and the 3rd stage XVI FIGO World Congress of Obstetrics & Gynecology (Book 4); 2000 Sept 3-8; Washington DC, USA 2000 29"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0135|cit135","first-page":"53","article-title":"Misoprostol and third stage of labour","volume":"51","author":"Ray","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0136|cit136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340601088570","article-title":"Avoiding manual removal of placenta: evaluation of intra-umbilical injection of uterotonics using the pipingas technique for management of adherent placenta","volume":"86","author":"Rogers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0137|cit137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.12.003","article-title":"Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage at home birth in Afghanistan","volume":"108","author":"Sanghvi","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0138|cit138","first-page":"S484","article-title":"Critical evaluation of sublingual misoprostol and methyl ergometrine in active management of third stage of labour","volume":"119","author":"Shrivasatava","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0139|cit139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2008.00975.x","article-title":"External aortic compression device: the first aid for postpartum hemorrhage control","volume":"35","author":"Soltan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0140|cit140","first-page":"228","article-title":"400 ug oral misoprostol versus 0.2mg intravenous methyl ergometrine for the active management of third stage of labor","volume":"59","author":"Tripti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0141|cit141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-9-48","article-title":"Treatment of retained placenta with misoprostol: a randomised controlled trial in a low-resource setting (Tanzania)","volume":"9","author":"Beekhuizen","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0143|cit142","unstructured":"Van Stralen G Misoprostol in the management of retained placenta - a safe alternative for manual removal? A randomised controlled trial Current Controlled Trials (www.controlled-trials.com\/)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0142|cit143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12065","article-title":"No reduction of manual removal after misoprostol for retained placenta: a double-blind, randomized trial","volume":"92","author":"Stralen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0144|cit144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.05.008","article-title":"Misoprostol versus methylergometrine: pharmacokinetics in human milk","volume":"191","author":"Vogel","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0145|cit145","first-page":"806","article-title":"Misoprostol on preventing postpartum bleeding in cesarean","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hebei Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0146|cit146","first-page":"440","article-title":"Clinical study on reduction of postpartum bleeding in cesarean operation by misoprostol","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Zhenjiang Medical College"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0147|cit147","first-page":"403","article-title":"Clinical study on reduction of postpartum bleeding in cesarean section by misoprostol","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chung-Hua Fu Chan Ko Tsa Chih [Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology]"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0148|cit148","first-page":"S825","article-title":"Comparative study of rectal misoprostol to oxytocin infusion in preventing postpartum haemorrhage post-caesarean section","volume":"119","author":"Adanikin","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0149|cit149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2012.05.033","article-title":"The effect of post-cesarean rectal misoprostol on intestinal motility","volume":"119","author":"Adanikin","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0150|cit150","first-page":"S446","article-title":"Prospective randomised double blind study on the effect of post-caesarean rectal misoprostol on intestinal motility","volume":"119","author":"Orji","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0151|cit151","first-page":"556","article-title":"[Sublingual misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin in the management of postpartum hemorrhage]","volume":"67","author":"Beigi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tehran University Medical Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0152|cit152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajme.2012.06.003","article-title":"Active management of third stage of labor by intravenous ergometrine and rectal versus sublingual misoprostol (a double-center study)","volume":"48","author":"Fawzy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alexandria Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0153|cit153","first-page":"S797","article-title":"Comparison of intramuscular ergometrine and per rectal misoprostol for prophylaxis against atonic post patrum haemorrhage","volume":"119","author":"Is","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0154|cit154","unstructured":"Diop AR Frye LJ Kone Y Comparing misoprostol and oxytocin in unijectTM for postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) prevention in Mali ClinicalTrials.gov (accessed April 2013)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0155|cit155","unstructured":"Kalahroudi MA Comparison of the effect of rectal misoprostol and syntometrin in prevention of post partum hemorrhage IRCT Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (www.irct.ir)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0156|cit156","unstructured":"Moradi S Comparison of misoprostol and oxytocin in reduction of postpartum hemorrhage IRCT Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (www.irct.ir)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0157|cit157","volume-title":"Maternal mortality in 2000: estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA","author":"AbouZahar","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0158|cit158","first-page":"1039","article-title":"ACOG Practice Bulletin: Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynecologists Number 76, October 2006: postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"108","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0159|cit159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-6980(87)90048-7","article-title":"Effects of misoprostol on human circulation","volume":"33","author":"Brecht","year":"1987","journal-title":"Prostaglandins"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0160|cit160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00275-5","article-title":"Severe hyperthermia following oral misoprostol in the immediate postpartum period","volume":"90","author":"Chong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0161|cit161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199103213241201","article-title":"Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial","volume":"324","author":"Echt","year":"1991","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0162|cit162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182707341","article-title":"Risk of fever after misoprostol for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a meta-analysis","volume":"120","author":"Elati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0163|cit163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2012.09.002","article-title":"Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage with misoprostol","volume":"119","author":"International Federation Of Gynecology Obstetrics","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0164|cit164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2012.09.003","article-title":"Treatment of postpartum hemorrhage with misoprostol","volume":"119","author":"International Federation Of Gynecology And Obstetrics","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0165|cit165","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Green S Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0166|cit166","first-page":"535","article-title":"Misoprostol in obstetrics and gynaecology--unregistered, dangerous and essential","volume":"88","author":"Hofmeyr","year":"1998","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0167|cit167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12049","article-title":"Should oral misoprostol be used to prevent postpartum haemorrhage in home-birth settings in low-resource countries? A systematic review of the evidence","volume":"120","author":"Hundley","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0168|cit168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)34329-8","article-title":"Active management of the third stage of labour: prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"31","author":"Leduc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada: JOGC"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0169|cit169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1999.tb08266.x","article-title":"Misoprostol dose-related shivering and pyrexia in the third stage of labour. WHO Collaborative Trial in the Management of the Third Stage of Labour","volume":"106","author":"Lumbiganon","year":"1999","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0170|cit170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003249.pub2","article-title":"Treatment for primary postpartum haemorrhage","author":"Mousa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0171|cit171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92102-8","article-title":"Uterine contractility and induction of abortion in early pregnancy by misoprostol and mifepristone","volume":"338","author":"Norman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0172|cit172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1994.tb16997.x","article-title":"Potent contractile actions of prostanoid EP3-receptor agonists on human isolated pulmonary artery","volume":"113","author":"Qian","year":"1994","journal-title":"British Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0173|cit173","unstructured":"Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists RCOG Green-top Guideline No. 52 RCOG: 2009"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0174|cit174","unstructured":"The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan) 2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0175|cit175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-44","article-title":"Misoprostol for postpartum hemorrhage prevention at home birth: an integrative review of global implementation experience to date","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0176|cit176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.11.007","article-title":"Community-based distribution of misoprostol for treatment or prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: cost-effectiveness, mortality, and morbidity reduction analysis","volume":"108","author":"Sutherland","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0177|cit177","unstructured":"Tang J Kapp N Dragoman M de Souza JP WHO recommendations for misoprostol use for obstetric and gynecologic indications International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0178|cit178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000494.pub4","article-title":"Prostaglandins for preventing postpartum haemorrhage","author":"Tuncalp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2-BIB0179|cit179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.055715","article-title":"Misoprostol to prevent and treat postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of maternal deaths and dose-related effects","volume":"87","author":"Hofmeyr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/wol1\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2\/fullpdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T16:48:02Z","timestamp":1741106882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD008982.pub2"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"name":"Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,15]]},"references-count":179,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd008982.pub2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-1858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-1858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,15]]}}}