{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:07:29Z","timestamp":1791310049166,"version":"4.3.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd009900","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,10]],"date-time":"2015-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439164800000}}],"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com","cochranelibrary.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd009900.pub2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,10]],"date-time":"2015-08-10T17:09:23Z","timestamp":1439226563000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Pharmacological treatments for preventing epilepsy following traumatic head injury"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"Kara","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University; Department of Medicine; Rm 204, Centre for Clinical Research 5790 University Avenue Halifax NS Canada B3H 1V7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Pohlmann-Eden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University; 5790 University Avenue Halifax NS Canada B3H 1V7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie A","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology; Room 415, 5790 University Avenue Halifax NS Canada B3K 1V7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Abel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University; Community Health and Epidemiology; c\/o Center for Clinical Research 4th Floors, 5790 University Avenue Halifax NS Canada B3H 1V7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0001|cit1","first-page":"66","article-title":"Seizure prevention using carbamazepine following severe brain injuries","volume":"26","author":"Glotzner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurochirurgia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0002|cit2","first-page":"311","article-title":"Cooperative prospective study on posttraumatic epilepsy: risk factors and the effect of prophylactic anticonvulsant","volume":"46","author":"Manaka","year":"1992","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0003|cit3","first-page":"132","article-title":"The incidence and the possible pharmacological prophylaxis of post-traumatic epilepsy [abstract]","volume":"70","author":"Harris","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Neurochirurgica"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0004|cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.46.10.899","article-title":"Low risk of late post-traumatic seizures following severe head injury: implications for clinical trials of prophylaxis","volume":"46","author":"McQueen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0005|cit5","first-page":"5","article-title":"Hydantoins in the prevention of early posttraumatic epileptic crises","volume":"2","author":"Lauxerois","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epilepsies"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0006|cit6","first-page":"841","article-title":"Prevention of late post-traumatic epilepsy by phenytoin in severe brain injuries, 2 years' follow-up","volume":"20","author":"Pechadre","year":"1991","journal-title":"Presse Medicale"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0007|cit7","unstructured":"NCT00618436 Assess the safety and efficacy of a seizure medication, levetiracetam (LEV; Keppra), in neuroscience intensive care unit patients www.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT00618436"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0008|cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2011.12.005","article-title":"Initial EEG predicts outcomes in a trial of levetiracetam vs. fosphenytoin for seizure prevention","volume":"23","author":"Steinbaugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsy & Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0009|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-009-9304-y","article-title":"Prospective, randomized, single-blinded comparative trial of intravenous levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis","volume":"12","author":"Szaflarski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurocritical Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0010|cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1999.91.4.0588","article-title":"Side effects and mortality associated with use of phenytoin for early posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis","volume":"91","author":"Haltiner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0011|cit11","first-page":"314A","article-title":"Does phenytoin prevent posttraumatic seizures - 1-year follow-up results of a randomized double-blind-study in 407 patients [abstract]","volume":"70","author":"Temkin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0012|cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199008233230801","article-title":"A randomized double-blind study of phenytoin for the prevention of post-traumatic seizures","volume":"323","author":"Temkin","year":"1990","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0013|cit13","unstructured":"NCT00004817 Phase III double blind trial of valproate sodium for prophylaxis of post traumatic seizures www.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/record\/NCT00004817"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0014|cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1999.91.4.0593","article-title":"Valproate therapy for prevention of posttraumatic seizures: a randomized trial","volume":"91","author":"Temkin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0015|cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70630-5","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate for neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Temkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0016|cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1983.58.2.0231","article-title":"Failure of prophylactically administered phenytoin to prevent early posttraumatic seizures","volume":"58","author":"Young","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0017|cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1983.58.2.0236","article-title":"Failure of prophylatically administered phenytoin to prevent late posttraumatic seizures","volume":"58","author":"Young","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0018|cit18","first-page":"1985","article-title":"Failure of prophylatically administered to prevent post-traumatic seizures in children","volume":"10","author":"Young","year":"1983","journal-title":"Child's Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0019|cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2003.09.016","article-title":"A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of phenytoin for the prevention of early posttraumatic seizures in children with moderate to severe blunt head injury","volume":"43","author":"Young","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annals of Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0020|cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.19264","article-title":"Incidence of intravenous site reactions in neurotrauma patients receiving valproate or phenytoin","volume":"34","author":"Anderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0021|cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2003.11.001","article-title":"Effect of valproate on hemostatic function in patients with traumatic brain injury","volume":"57","author":"Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epilepsy Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0022|cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb05560.x","article-title":"Early and late posttraumatic seizures in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation patients: brain injury factors causing late seizures and influence of seizures on long-term outcome","volume":"40","author":"Asikainen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"12 Suppl","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0023|cit23","first-page":"A77, Abstract n","article-title":"Evaluation of the use of phenytoin and levetiracetam for seizure prophylaxis in patients with traumatic brain injury","volume":"37","author":"Carter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0024|cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810000368","article-title":"Early post-traumatic seizures in children with head injury","volume":"16","author":"Chiaretti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child's Nervous System"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0025|cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1179\/016164102101200834","article-title":"Randomized evaluation of adverse events and length-of-stay with routine emergency department use of phenytoin or fosphenytoin","volume":"24","author":"Coplin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurological Research"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0026|cit26","first-page":"64","article-title":"Risk factors for late posttraumatic epilepsy","volume":"55","author":"Santis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Neurochirurgica. Supplementum"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0027|cit27","first-page":"305","article-title":"Antiepileptic prophylaxis in head injured patients","volume":"no. 79-80","author":"Santis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bollettino Lega Italiana contro l'Epilessia"},{"issue":"Suppl s2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0028|cit28","first-page":"48","article-title":"Role of PB in preventing late PTE [abstract]","volume":"39","author":"Santis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0029|cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03460100073027","article-title":"Neurobehavioral effects of phenytoin prophylaxis of posttraumatic seizures","volume":"265","author":"Dikmen","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0030|cit30","first-page":"667","article-title":"Neurobehavioral effects of phenytoin prophylaxis in posttraumatic seizures: a double-blind comparison [abstract]","volume":"30","author":"Dikmen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0031|cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.9.1.80","article-title":"Neuropsychological outcome at 1-year post head-injury","volume":"9","author":"Dikmen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0032|cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.4.895","article-title":"Neuropsychological effects of valproate in traumatic brain injury: a randomized trial","volume":"54","author":"Dikmen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0033|cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2011.10.005","article-title":"Modified Lund concept versus cerebral perfusion pressure-targeted therapy: a randomised controlled study in patients with secondary brain ischaemia","volume":"114","author":"Dizdarevic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0034|cit34","first-page":"S15","article-title":"Determination of the efficacy of phenytoin on prevention of late post-traumatic seizure","volume":"259","author":"Dolati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0035|cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2003.50022","article-title":"Analyzing risk factors for late posttraumatic seizures: a prospective, multicenter investigation","volume":"84","author":"Englander","year":"2003","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0036|cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050701310994","article-title":"The impact of prophylactic treatment on post-traumatic epilepsy after severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"21","author":"Formisano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0037|cit37","first-page":"48","article-title":"Epilepsy prophylaxis with carbamazepine in severe brain injury [abstract]","volume":"39","author":"Glotzner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0038|cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(97)90196-9","article-title":"Risk of seizure recurrence after the first late posttraumatic seizure","volume":"78","author":"Haltiner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0039|cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617700001661","article-title":"The impact of posttraumatic seizures on 1-year neuropsychological and psychosocial outcome of head injury","volume":"2","author":"Haltiner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0040|cit40","first-page":"116","article-title":"A randomised double blind study of sodium valproate for the prevention of seizures in neurosurgical patients [abstract]","volume":"58","author":"Holland","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0041|cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182826e84","article-title":"A prospective multicenter comparison of levetiracetam versus phenytoin for early posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis","volume":"74","author":"Inaba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0042|cit42","first-page":"505","article-title":"Epidemiological approach of post-traumatic epilepsy","volume":"56","author":"Jallon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Revue Internationale des Services de Sante des Armees de Terre, de Mer et de l'Air"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0043|cit43","first-page":"1151","article-title":"[The factors influencing posttraumatic epilepsy: a multicentric cooperative study]","volume":"19","author":"Japan Follow-up Group for Posttraumatic Epilepsy","year":"1991","journal-title":"No shinkei geka [Neurological Surgery]"},{"issue":"12 Suppl","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0044|cit44","first-page":"A475, Abstract","article-title":"Retrospective comparison of the cost and effectiveness of levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis","volume":"37","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0045|cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC.2008.25.10.E3","article-title":"Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"25","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery Focus"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0046|cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-16866","article-title":"Anticonvulsive prophylaxis of posttraumatic epilepsy in childhood","volume":"28","author":"Kieslich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aktuelle Neurologie"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0047|cit47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Role of intravenous levetiracetam in seizure prophylaxis of severe traumatic brain injury patients","volume":"4","author":"Kirmani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fontiers in Neurology"},{"issue":"Suppl s7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0048|cit48","first-page":"81, Abstract no","article-title":"Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam in patients with acute traumatic brain injury with high risk [abstract]","volume":"49","author":"Klein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0049|cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2012.445","article-title":"Results of phase 2 safety and feasibility study of treatment with levetiracetam for prevention of posttraumatic epilepsy","volume":"69","author":"Klein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0050|cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2012.05.011","article-title":"Results of phase II pharmacokinetic study of levetiracetam for prevention of post-traumatic epilepsy","volume":"24","author":"Klein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsy & Behavior"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0051|cit51","first-page":"723","article-title":"Cooperative multicentre study on postraumatic epilepsy","volume":"49","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain and Nerve"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0052|cit52","first-page":"160, Abstract n","article-title":"Post traumatic epilepsy: a follow-up of 20 years","volume":"50","author":"Lopes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0053|cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70253-2","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of dexanabinol in severe traumatic brain injury: results of a phase III randomised, placebo-controlled, clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Maas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0054|cit54","first-page":"106, Abstract n","article-title":"Levetiracetam in patients with post-traumatic epilepsy: observations in a case series","volume":"50","author":"Meo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0055|cit55","first-page":"225","article-title":"Phenobarbital prophylaxis of post traumatic epilepsy","volume":"1","author":"Murri","year":"1980","journal-title":"Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0056|cit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02229161","article-title":"Phenobarbital in the prophylaxis of late posttramatic seizures","volume":"13","author":"Murri","year":"1992","journal-title":"Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0057|cit57","first-page":"1170","article-title":"Cooperative multicentre study on postraumatic epilepsy","volume":"47","author":"Nakamura","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain and Nerve"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0058|cit58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.7887\/jcns.8.647","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of zonisamide in postoperative epilepsy: a report of the cooperative group study","volume":"8","author":"Nakamura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0059|cit59","unstructured":"NCT00566046 Prospective, randomized, double-blind study assessing the effects of levetiracetam compared to placebo in the prevention of early epileptic seizures and late epilepsy in patients with severe traumatic brain injury www.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct\/show\/NCT00566046"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0060|cit60","unstructured":"NCT00598923 Preventing epilepsy after traumatic brain injury with topiramate (PEPTO) www.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct\/show\/NCT00598923"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0061|cit61","unstructured":"NCT01110187 A pilot study of NSICU assessment of seizure prophylaxis with lacosamide clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT01110187"},{"issue":"8165","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0062|cit62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)90941-1","article-title":"Postoperative epilepsy: a double-blind trial of phenytoin after craniotomy","volume":"1","author":"North","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0063|cit63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1983.58.5.0672","article-title":"Phenytoin and postoperative epilepsy: a double-blind study","volume":"58","author":"North","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0064|cit64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1089\/08977150152725614","article-title":"Repinotan (BAY x 3702): a 5HT1A agonist in traumatically brain injured patients","volume":"18","author":"Ohman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0065|cit65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.11.1231","article-title":"Low incidence of seizures in patients with chronic subdural haematoma","volume":"56","author":"Ohno","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl S1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0066|cit66","first-page":"S122, Abstract","article-title":"Results of phase II NIH study of levetiracetam for the prevention of pediatric post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE)","volume":"66","author":"Pearl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0067|cit67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12326","article-title":"Results of phase II levetiracetam trial following head injury in children at risk for posttraumatic epilepsy","volume":"59","author":"Pearl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0068|cit68","first-page":"600","article-title":"A controlled prospective study of the pharmacologic prophylaxis of posttraumatic epilepsy","volume":"29","author":"Penry","year":"1979","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0069|cit69","first-page":"133","article-title":"Clinical attempt to prevent post-traumatic epilepsy following severe brain injuries in adults","volume":"108","author":"Popek","year":"1969","journal-title":"Casopis Lekaru Ceskych"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0070|cit70","first-page":"169","article-title":"Preventative treatment of post-traumatic epilepsy following severe brain injury. Closing report summarizing results of the research done in the framework of the state research plan for the years 1965-1969; edited by Z. Servit","volume":"35","author":"Popek","year":"1972","journal-title":"Ceskoslovenska Neurologie"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0071|cit71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-6054(98)80262-6","article-title":"Post-traumatic epilepsy: retrospective analysis of 90 severe traumatic brain injuries","volume":"41","author":"Richard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annales de Readaptation et de Medecine Physique"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0072|cit72","first-page":"163","article-title":"Risk factors for posttraumatic fits and epilepsies","volume":"60","author":"Schutze","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zentralblatt fur Neurochirurgie"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0073|cit73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1981.tb04115.x","article-title":"Prophylactive treatment of post traumatic epilepsy: results of a long-term follow-up in Czechoslovakia","volume":"22","author":"Servit","year":"1981","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0074|cit74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1994.00540190029012","article-title":"Neurobehavioral effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine in patients recovering from brain trauma: a comparative study","volume":"51","author":"Smith","year":"1994","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0075|cit75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2011.12.005","article-title":"Initial EEG predicts outcomes in a trial of levetiracetam vs. fosphenytoin for seizure prevention","volume":"23","author":"Steinbaugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsy & Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0076|cit76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-007-0042-8","article-title":"Levetiracetam use in critically ill patients","volume":"7","author":"Szaflarski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurocritical Care"},{"issue":"Suppl s10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0077|cit77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.44.s10.6.x","article-title":"Risk factors for posttraumatic seizures in adults","volume":"44","author":"Temkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0078|cit78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2010.02.004","article-title":"Post-traumatic seizures - a prospective study from a tertiary level trauma center in a developing country","volume":"19","author":"Thapa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0079|cit79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S214, Abstract","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(97)85907-2","article-title":"Prophylaxis or therapy for patients with open cranio-cerebral trauma in order to prevent post-traumatic epilepsy","volume":"150","author":"Tomovic","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0080|cit80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000158442.08857.FC","article-title":"Insulin therapy protects the central and peripheral nervous system of intensive care patients","volume":"64","author":"Berghe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12 suppl","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0081|cit81","first-page":"A443, Abstract","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of phenytoin and levetiracetam for seizure prophylaxis after traumatic brain injury","volume":"37","author":"Virant-Young","year":"2009","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0082|cit82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.59403.x","article-title":"Does glucocorticoid administration prevent late seizures after head injury?","volume":"45","author":"Watson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0083|cit83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1979.51.4.0507","article-title":"Prophylactic phenytoin in severe head injuries","volume":"51","author":"Wohns","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0084|cit84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1177\/106002808501900713","article-title":"A comparative study of laboratory parameters in head-injured patients receiving either phenytoin or placebo for 24 months","volume":"19","author":"Bertch","year":"1985","journal-title":"Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0085|cit85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198309000-00010","article-title":"Cutaneous reactions in head-injured patients receiving phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis","volume":"13","author":"Rapp","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0086|cit86","unstructured":"Use of Biperiden for the Prevention of Post-Traumatic Epilepsy Ongoing study 2013"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0087|cit87","unstructured":"Allopregnanolone for the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury Ongoing study 2013"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0088|cit88","unstructured":"Traumatic neuroprotection and epilepsy prevention of Valproate acid Ongoing study 2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0089|cit89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801013380104","article-title":"A population-based study of seizures after traumatic brain injuries","volume":"338","author":"Annegers","year":"1998","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"Suppl 10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0090|cit90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.44.s10.1.x","article-title":"Overview of studies to prevent post traumatic epilepsy","volume":"44","author":"Beghi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0091|cit91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1177\/106002808501900713","article-title":"A comparative study of laboratory parameters in head-injured patients receiving either phenytoin or placebo for 24 months","volume":"19","author":"Bertch","year":"1985","journal-title":"Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0092|cit92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00818.x","article-title":"Effects of the novel antiepileptic drug lacosamide on the development of amygdala kindling in rats","volume":"47","author":"Brandt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0093|cit93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Controlled Clinical Trials"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0094|cit94","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Green S (editors) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0095|cit95","volume-title":"Management of head injuries","author":"Jennett","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0096|cit96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c365","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c365","article-title":"The impact of outcome reporting bias in randomised controlled trials on a cohort of systematic reviews","volume":"340","author":"Kirkham","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0097|cit97","unstructured":"Lefebvre C Manheimer E Glanville J Chapter 6: Searching for studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0098|cit98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(02)00073-6","article-title":"Animal models of epilepsy for the development of antiepileptogenic and disease-modifying drugs. A comparison of the pharmacology of kindling and post-status epilepticus models of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"50","author":"L\u00f6scher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epilepsy Research"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0099|cit99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19981230)17:24<2815::AID-SIM110>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Extracting summary statistics to perform meta-analyses of the published literature for survival endpoints","volume":"17","author":"Parmar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0100|cit100","unstructured":"The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan) 2012"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0101|cit101","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann HG Oxman AD Higgins JPT Vist GE Glasziou P Guyatt GH Chapter 11: Presenting results and summary of findings tables. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0102|cit102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.2174\/092986708783497337","article-title":"Antioxidants and free radical scavengers for the treatment of stroke, traumatic brain injury and aging","volume":"15","author":"Slemmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Medicinal Chemistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0103|cit103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050701201524","article-title":"A systematic review of rehabilitation of moderate to severe acquired brain injuries","volume":"21","author":"Teasell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0104|cit104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2001.28900.x","article-title":"Antiepileptogenesis and seizure prevention trials with antiepileptic drugs: meta-analysis of controlled trials","volume":"42","author":"Temkin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0105|cit105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.02005.x","article-title":"Preventing and treating posttraumatic seizures: the human experience","volume":"50","author":"Temkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0106|cit106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780101105","article-title":"A general parametric approach to the meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials","volume":"10","author":"Whitehead","year":"1991","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0107|cit107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1303","article-title":"Aggregate data meta-analysis with time to event outcomes","volume":"21","author":"Williamson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0108|cit108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-008-9841-3","article-title":"Posttraumatic epilepsy: hemorrhage, free radicals and the molecular regulation of glutamate","volume":"34","author":"Willmore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochemical Research"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0109|cit109","volume-title":"Wyllie's Treatment of Epilepsy","author":"Wyllie","year":"2010"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0110|cit110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1979.tb04851.x","article-title":"Posttraumatic epilepsy prophylaxis","volume":"20","author":"Young","year":"1979","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0111|cit111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000173","article-title":"Anti-epileptic drugs for preventing seizures following acute traumatic brain injury","author":"Schierhout","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2-BIB0112|cit112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009900","article-title":"Pharmacological treatments for preventing epilepsy following traumatic head injury","author":"Thompson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T08:48:26Z","timestamp":1656406106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD009900.pub2"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"name":"Cochrane Epilepsy Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,10]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd009900.pub2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-1858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-1858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,10]]}}}