{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T05:22:30Z","timestamp":1793510550576,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd011381","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]],"date-time":"2015-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442534400000}}],"reference-count":144,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com","cochranelibrary.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd011381.pub2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]],"date-time":"2015-09-18T10:43:03Z","timestamp":1442572983000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"Irene","family":"Tramacere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Neuroepidemiology Unit; Via Giovanni Celoria, 11 Milano Italy 20133"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Del Giovane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Italian Cochrane Centre, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine; Modena Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Salanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ioannina School of Medicine; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology; Medical School Campus University of Ioannina Ioannina Greece 45110"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"D'Amico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Italian Cochrane Centre, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine; Modena Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graziella","family":"Filippini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Scientific Direction; via Celoria, 11 Milano Italy 20133"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0001|cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.2.398","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in multiple sclerosis. Effect on relapses","volume":"50","author":"Achiron","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0002|cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70068-7","article-title":"Pegylated interferon beta-1a for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (ADVANCE): a randomised, phase 3, double-blind study","volume":"13","author":"Calabresi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0003|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044397","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"354","author":"Polman","year":"2006","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0004|cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1104318","article-title":"Placebo-controlled trial of oral laquinimod for multiple sclerosis","volume":"366","author":"Comi","year":"2012","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0005|cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000345970.73354.17","article-title":"Efficacy of treatment of MS with IFNbeta-1b or glatiramer acetate by monthly brain MRI in the BECOME study","volume":"72","author":"Cadavid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0006|cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70226-1","article-title":"250 microg or 500 microg interferon beta-1b versus 20 mg glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a prospective, randomised, multicentre study","volume":"8","author":"O'Connor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0007|cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198708133170703","article-title":"A pilot trial of Cop 1 in exacerbating-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"317","author":"Bornstein","year":"1987","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0008|cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7264-4","article-title":"A randomized placebo-controlled phase III trial of oral laquinimod for multiple sclerosis","volume":"261","author":"Vollmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0009|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802670","article-title":"Alemtuzumab vs. interferon beta-1a in early multiple sclerosis","volume":"359","author":"Coles","year":"2008","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"9856","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0010|cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61769-3","article-title":"Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a as first-line treatment for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"380","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9856","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0011|cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61768-1","article-title":"Alemtuzumab for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis after disease-modifying therapy: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"380","author":"Coles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0012|cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23863","article-title":"Randomized study combining interferon and glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis","volume":"73","author":"Lublin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0013|cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.64","article-title":"European\/Canadian multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the effects of glatiramer acetate on magnetic resonance imaging--measured disease activity and burden in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. European\/Canadian Glatiramer Acetate Study Group","volume":"49","author":"Comi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0014|cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1206328","article-title":"Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 or glatiramer in multiple sclerosis","volume":"367","author":"Fox","year":"2012","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0015|cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1114287","article-title":"Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"367","author":"Gold","year":"2012","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0016|cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-007-0637-1","article-title":"Comparison of interferon beta products and azathioprine in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"254","author":"Etemadifar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0017|cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2007.09.025","article-title":"Full results of the Evidence of Interferon Dose-Response-European North American Comparative Efficacy (EVIDENCE) study: a multicenter, randomized, assessor-blinded comparison of low-dose weekly versus high-dose, high-frequency interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Schwid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Therapeutics"},{"issue":"9052","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0018|cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)09377-4","article-title":"Randomised placebo-controlled trial of monthly intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"349","author":"Fazekas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0019|cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000318281.98220.6f","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a dose-finding trial","volume":"71","author":"Fazekas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0020|cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0909494","article-title":"A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"362","author":"Kappos","year":"2010","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0021|cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70049-3","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of fingolimod in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (FREEDOMS II): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"13","author":"Calabresi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0022|cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23938","article-title":"Three times weekly glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"73","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0023|cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.1.20","article-title":"The efficacy of azathioprine in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"41","author":"Goodkin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0024|cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.4.655","article-title":"Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group","volume":"43","author":"IFNB","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0025|cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08430-1","article-title":"Every-other-day interferon beta-1b versus once-weekly interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis: results of a 2-year prospective randomised multicentre study (INCOMIN)","volume":"359","author":"Durelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0026|cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.7.1268","article-title":"Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results of a phase III multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group","volume":"45","author":"Johnson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0027|cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000204018.52311.ec","article-title":"A randomised study of two interferon-beta treatments in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"66","author":"Koch-Henriksen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0028|cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2002.00500.x","article-title":"No difference in efficacy of two different doses of intravenous immunoglobulins in MS: clinical and MRI assessment","volume":"9","author":"Lewanska","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0029|cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e113371","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113371","article-title":"Azathioprine versus beta interferons for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a multicentre randomized non-inferiority trial","volume":"9","author":"Massacesi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0030|cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050066","article-title":"Randomized placebo-controlled trial of mitoxantrone in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: 24-month clinical and MRI outcome","volume":"244","author":"Millefiorini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0031|cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390304","article-title":"Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG)","volume":"39","author":"Jacobs","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0032|cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.4.679","article-title":"Evidence of interferon beta-1a dose response in relapsing-remitting MS: the OWIMS Study. The Once Weekly Interferon for MS Study Group","volume":"53","author":"OWIMS","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9139","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0033|cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)03334-0","article-title":"Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1a in relapsing\/remitting multiple sclerosis. PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon beta-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group","volume":"352","author":"PRISMS","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0034|cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70200-X","article-title":"Comparison of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a with glatiramer acetate in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (the REbif vs Glatiramer Acetate in Relapsing MS Disease [REGARD] study): a multicentre, randomised, parallel, open-label trial","volume":"7","author":"Mikol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"9884","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0035|cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62190-4","article-title":"Daclizumab high-yield process in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (SELECT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"381","author":"Gold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0036|cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1014656","article-title":"Randomized trial of oral teriflunomide for relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"365","author":"O'Connor","year":"2011","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0037|cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513507821","article-title":"Teriflunomide versus subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: a randomised, controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"20","author":"Vermersch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0038|cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70308-9","article-title":"Oral teriflunomide for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (TOWER): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"13","author":"Confavreux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0039|cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907839","article-title":"Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"362","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0040|cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000341934.12142.74","article-title":"Results of the Avonex Combination Trial (ACT) in relapsing-remitting MS","volume":"72","author":"Cohen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0041|cit41","first-page":"457","article-title":"Effects of low dose methotrexate on relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in comparison to Interferon \u03b2-1\u03b1: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Ashtari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0042|cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70028-6","article-title":"Atacicept in multiple sclerosis (ATAMS): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 2 trial","volume":"13","author":"Kappos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0043|cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510394702","article-title":"Effect of disease-modifying drugs on cortical lesions and atrophy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Calabrese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0044|cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70033-8","article-title":"Daclizumab in active relapsing multiple sclerosis (CHOICE study): a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, add-on trial with interferon beta","volume":"9","author":"Wynn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0045|cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2006.00585.x","article-title":"Comparison of Betaferon, Avonex, and Rebif in treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"113","author":"Etemadifar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0046|cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22316","article-title":"Phase III dose-comparison study of glatiramer acetate for multiple sclerosis","volume":"69","author":"Comi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0047|cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318258f7d4","article-title":"Teriflunomide added to interferon-\u03b2 in relapsing multiple sclerosis: a randomized phase II trial","volume":"78","author":"Freedman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0048|cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509105229","article-title":"Randomized study of interferon beta-1a, low-dose azathioprine, and low-dose corticosteroids in multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Havrdova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0049|cit49","first-page":"1124","article-title":"Oral fingolimod (FTY720) for relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"355","author":"Kappos","year":"2006","journal-title":"New Egyptian Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"9648","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0050|cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61619-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of oral fumarate in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study","volume":"372","author":"Kappos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9805","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0051|cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61649-8","article-title":"Ocrelizumab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial","volume":"378","author":"Kappos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0052|cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.222","article-title":"A randomized controlled double-masked trial of albuterol add-on therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"67","author":"Khoury","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0053|cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1993.13.333","article-title":"Systemic recombinant human interferon-beta treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: pilot study analysis and six-year follow-up","volume":"13","author":"Knobler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Interferon Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0054|cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511435984","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of fingolimod (FTY720) in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Saida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0055|cit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044396","article-title":"Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"354","author":"Rudick","year":"2006","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0056|cit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000125","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of ofatumumab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 2 study","volume":"82","author":"Sorensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0057|cit57","unstructured":"Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, monotherapy, active-control study to determine the efficacy and safety of daclizumab high yield process (DAC HYP) versus Avonex\u00ae (interferon \u03b2 1a) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/study\/NCT01064401"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0058|cit58","unstructured":"A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Ocrelizumab in comparison to interferon beta-1a (Rebif\u00ae) in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/study\/NCT01247324"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0059|cit59","unstructured":"A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Ocrelizumab in comparison to Interferon Beta-1a (Rebif\u00ae) in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/study\/NCT01412333"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0060|cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.05.005","article-title":"Immunomodulation neuroprotection and remyelination. The fundamental therapeutic effects of glatiramer acetate: a critical review","volume":"54","author":"Aharoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Autoimmunity"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0061|cit61","unstructured":"Association of British Neurologists 2005 Guidelines for the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in neurological diseases www.theabn.org\/documents\/IVIg-Guidelines (accessed October 2013)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0062|cit62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0b013e3181880359","article-title":"Update on inflammation, neurodegeneration, and immunoregulation in multiple sclerosis: therapeutic implications","volume":"32","author":"Bennett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0063|cit63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390-5","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000319698.40024.1c","article-title":"Combining beta interferon and atorvastatin may increase disease activity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"71","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7521","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0064|cit64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7521.897","article-title":"Simultaneous comparison of multiple treatments: combining direct and indirect evidence as well","volume":"331","author":"Caldwell","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0065|cit65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-14-286","article-title":"Updated cost-of-care estimates for commercially insured patients with multiple sclerosis: retrospective observational analysis of medical and pharmacy claims data","volume":"14","author":"Carroll","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0066|cit66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.57","article-title":"Using network meta-analysis to evaluate the existence of small-study effects in a network of interventions","volume":"3","author":"Chaimani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Research Synthesis Methods"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0067|cit67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76654","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076654","article-title":"Graphical tools for network meta-analysis in Stata","volume":"8","author":"Chaimani","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0068|cit68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2011.02.011","article-title":"Immune mechanisms of new therapeutic strategies in MS: teriflunomide","volume":"142","author":"Claussen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0069|cit69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61620-7","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"372","author":"Compston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0070|cit70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Controlled Clinical Trials"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0071|cit71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624-31","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000313034.46883.16","article-title":"Disability as an outcome in MS clinical trials","volume":"71","author":"Ebers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0072|cit72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02246.x","article-title":"EFNS guidelines for the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in treatment of neurological diseases: EFNS task force on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in treatment of neurological diseases","volume":"15","author":"Elovaara","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0073|cit73","unstructured":"European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Committee for proprietary medicinal products European public assessment report: Tysabri http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/ema\/index.jsp?curl=pages\/medicines\/human\/medicines\/000603\/wapp\/Post-authorisation\/human_wapp_000166.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d128 (accessed June 2014)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0074|cit74","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency Committee for proprietary medicinal products European public assessment report: Gilenya http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/ema\/index.jsp?curl=pages\/medicines\/human\/medicines\/002202\/human_med_001433.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124 (accessed June 2014)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0075|cit75","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency Committee for proprietary medicinal products European public assessment report: Aubagio http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/ema\/index.jsp?curl=pages\/medicines\/human\/medicines\/002514\/human_med_001645.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124 (accessed June 2014)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0076|cit76","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency Committee for proprietary medicinal products European public assessment report: Lemtrada http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/EPAR_-_Product_Information\/human\/003718\/WC500150521.pdf (accessed June 2014)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0077|cit77","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency Committee for proprietary medicinal products European public assessment report: Tecfidera http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/EPAR_-_Product_Information\/human\/002601\/WC500162069.pdf (accessed June 2014)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0078|cit78","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency Committee for proprietary medicinal products European public assessment report: Plegridy http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/EPAR_-_Summary_for_the_public\/human\/002827\/WC500170305.pdf (accessed June 2015)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0079|cit79","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency Refusal of the marketing authorisation for Nerventra (laquinimod) http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/Summary_of_opinion_-_Initial_authorisation\/human\/002546\/WC500160120.pdf (accessed June 2014)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0080|cit80","unstructured":"European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Committee for proprietary medicinal products European public assessment report: Avonex http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/EPAR_-_Summary_for_the_public\/human\/000102\/WC500029423.pdf (accessed June 2015)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0081|cit81","unstructured":"European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Committee for proprietary medicinal products European public assessment report: Rebif http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/EPAR_-_Assessment_Report_-_Variation\/human\/000136\/WC500122183.pdf (accessed June 2014)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0082|cit82","unstructured":"European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Committee for proprietary medicinal products European public assessment report: Betaferon http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/ema\/index.jsp?curl=pages\/medicines\/human\/medicines\/000081\/human_med_000673.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124 (accessed June 2014)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0083|cit83","unstructured":"U.S. Food Drug Administration Betaseron interferon beta-1b subcutaneous. Drug Approval Package - Licensing Action 1993 http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2012\/103471s5063s5067s5079s5088s5120s5124s5136s5138lbl.pdf (accessed June 2014)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0084|cit84","unstructured":"U.S. Food Drug Administration Glatiramer acetate (Capoxane) Product Approval Information - Licensing Action 1996 http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cder\/drugsatfda\/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.Label_ApprovalHistory#apphist (accessed June 2014)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0085|cit85","unstructured":"U.S. Food Drug Administration Mitoxantrone (Novantrone) Product Approval Information - Licensing Action 2000 http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cder\/drugsatfda\/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.Overview&DrugName=NOVANTRONE&CFID=17505855&CFTOKEN=fca8add70180e2b1-F1C49694-F504-892A-3B263F68EAFF59DC (accessed June 2014)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0086|cit86","unstructured":"U.S. Food Drug Administration Interferon beta-1a (Rebif) Product Approval Information - Licensing Action 2002 http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Drugs\/DevelopmentApprovalProcess\/HowDrugsareDevelopedandApproved\/ApprovalApplications\/TherapeuticBiologicApplications\/ucm080737.htm (accessed June 2014)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0087|cit87","unstructured":"U.S. Food Drug Administration Interferon beta-1a (Avonex) Product Approval Information - Licensing Action 2003 http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/nda\/2003\/103628s5021TOC.cfm (accessed June 2014)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0088|cit88","unstructured":"U.S. Food Drug Administration Tysabri (Natalizumab) Product Approval Information 2004 http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/nda\/2004\/125104s000_Natalizumab.cfm (accessed June 2014)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0089|cit89","unstructured":"U.S. Food Drug Administration FDA Approves Resumed Marketing of Tysabri Under a Special Distribution Program http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/NewsEvents\/Newsroom\/PressAnnouncements\/2006\/ucm108662.htm (accessed June 2014)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0090|cit90","unstructured":"U.S. Food Drug Administration Gilenya (Fingolimod) Product Approval Information 2010 http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cder\/drugsatfda\/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.Set_Current_Drug&ApplNo=022527&DrugName=GILENYA&ActiveIngred=FINGOLIMOD&SponsorApplicant=NOVARTIS&ProductMktStatus=1&goto=Search.DrugDetails (accessed June 2014)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0091|cit91","unstructured":"U.S. Food Drug Administration Aubagio (Teriflunomide) Product Approval Information 2012 http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cder\/drugsatfda\/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.Set_Current_Drug&ApplNo=202992&DrugName=AUBAGIO&ActiveIngred=TERIFLUNOMIDE&SponsorApplicant=SANOFI%20AVENTIS%20US&ProductMktStatus=1&goto=Search.DrugDetails (accessed June 2014)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0092|cit92","unstructured":"U.S. Food Drug Administration Tecfidera (Dimethyl fumarate) Product Approval Information 2013 http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cder\/drugsatfda\/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.Set_Current_Drug&ApplNo=204063&DrugName=TECFIDERA&ActiveIngred=DIMETHYL%20FUMARATE&SponsorApplicant=BIOGEN%20IDEC%20INC&ProductMktStatus=1&goto=Search.DrugDetails (accessed June 2014)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0093|cit93","unstructured":"U.S. Food Drug Administration Alemtuzumab (Lemtrada) Product Approval Information. Licensing Action 2014 http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/appletter\/2014\/103948Orig1s5139ltr.pdf (accessed Sept 2014)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0094|cit94","unstructured":"U.S. Food Drug Administration Peginterferon beta-1a (Plegridy) Product Approval Information. Licensing Action 2014 http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/appletter\/biologics\/2004\/125083ltr.pdf (accessed September 2014)"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0095|cit95","unstructured":"U.S. Food Drug Administration Imuran Product Information http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2014\/016324s037,017391s016lbl.pdf (accessed June 2015)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0096|cit96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008933","article-title":"Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis","author":"Filippini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0097|cit97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.63.12_suppl_6.S15","article-title":"Mechanism of action of mitoxantrone","volume":"12","author":"Fox","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0098|cit98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta9260","article-title":"Indirect comparisons of competing interventions","volume":"9","author":"Glenny","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Technology Assessment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0099|cit99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.2.169","article-title":"Disease modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the MS Council for Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"58","author":"Goodin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0100|cit100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806-12","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000343880.13764.69","article-title":"GLANCE: results of a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"72","author":"Goodman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0101|cit101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7454.1490","article-title":"Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"328","author":"GRADE Working Group","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0102|cit102","unstructured":"Brozek J, Oxman A, Sch\u00fcnemann H GRADEpro 2008"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0103|cit103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12090","article-title":"A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials for comparing the effectiveness and safety profile of treatments with marketing authorization for relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Hadjigeorgiou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0104|cit104","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Green S (editors) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0105|cit105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1044","article-title":"Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: concepts and models for multi-arm studies","volume":"3","author":"Higgins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Research Synthesis Methods"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0106|cit106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-300826","article-title":"Long term lymphocyte reconstitution after alemtuzumab treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"83","author":"Hill-Cawthorne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0107|cit107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798-808","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270011407068","article-title":"A novel PEGylated interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis: safety, pharmacology, and biology","volume":"52","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0108|cit108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414-21","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510379246","article-title":"Assessing changes in relapse rates in multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Inusah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0109|cit109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6188","article-title":"A design-by-treatment interaction model for network meta-analysis with random inconsistency effects","volume":"33","author":"Jackson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0110|cit110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.2165\/11591110-000000000-00000","article-title":"The mechanism of action of interferon-\u03b2 in relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Kieseier","year":"2011","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0111|cit111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh721","article-title":"The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study 9: observations on the progressive phase of the disease","volume":"129","author":"Kremenchutzky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0112|cit112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444","article-title":"Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS)","volume":"33","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0113|cit113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.4.907","article-title":"Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"46","author":"Lublin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0114|cit114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1070238","article-title":"Alteration of lymphocyte trafficking by sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonists","volume":"296","author":"Mandala","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0115|cit115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1032","article-title":"Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the international panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"50","author":"McDonald","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0116|cit116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1401400106","article-title":"Indirect treatment comparison","volume":"14","author":"Miladinovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stata Journal"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0117|cit117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511435715","article-title":"Time-patterns of annualized relapse rates in randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials in relapsing multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Nicholas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0118|cit118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115-26","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70192-3","article-title":"Emerging injectable therapies for multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Oh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0119|cit119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.010","article-title":"Contour-enhanced meta-analysis funnel plots help distinguish publication bias from other causes of asymmetry","volume":"61","author":"Peters","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0120|cit120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20703","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the 'McDonald Criteria'","volume":"58","author":"Polman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0121|cit121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292-302","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22366","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria","volume":"69","author":"Polman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0122|cit122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410130302","article-title":"New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols","volume":"13","author":"Poser","year":"1983","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0123|cit123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70132-0","article-title":"Methylprednisolone in combination with interferon beta-1a for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MECOMBIN study): a multicentre, double blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial","volume":"9","author":"Ravnborg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0124|cit124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.03.016","article-title":"Graphical methods and numerical summaries for presenting results from multiple-treatment meta-analysis: an overview and tutorial","volume":"64","author":"Salanti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0125|cit125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1037","article-title":"Indirect and mixed-treatment comparison, network, or multiple-treatments meta-analysis: many names, many benefits, many concerns for the next generation evidence synthesis tool","volume":"3","author":"Salanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Research Synthesis Methods"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0126|cit126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99682","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099682","article-title":"Evaluating the quality of evidence from a network meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Salanti","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0127|cit127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304333","article-title":"Onset of secondary progressive phase and long-term evolution of multiple sclerosis","volume":"85","author":"Scalfari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0128|cit128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-6616(03)00020-2","article-title":"In vitro evidence that subcutaneous administration of glatiramer acetate induces hyporesponsive T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"106","author":"Schmied","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0129|cit129","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann H Oxman A Higgins J Vist G Glasziou P Guyatt G Chapter 11: Presenting results and \u2018Summary of findings\u2019 tables. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0130|cit130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.6.661","article-title":"Mechanisms of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins in demyelinating diseases","volume":"56","author":"Stangel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0131|cit131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513481009","article-title":"Explaining temporal trends in annualised relapse rates in placebo groups of randomised controlled trials in relapsing multiple sclerosis: systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"19","author":"Steinvorth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0132|cit132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50347","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050347","article-title":"Placebo cohorts in phase-3 MS treatment trials, predictors for on-trial disease activity 1990-2010 based on a meta-analysis and individual case data","volume":"7","author":"Stellmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0133|cit133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI16432","article-title":"CD28-dependent Rac1 activation is the molecular target of azathioprine in primary human CD4+ T lymphocytes","volume":"111","author":"Tiede","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0134|cit134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.04.002","article-title":"Laquinimod, an up-and-coming immunomodulatory agent for treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"262","author":"Varrin-Doyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Experimental Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0135|cit135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys222","article-title":"Evaluation of inconsistency in networks of interventions","volume":"42","author":"Veroniki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Internal Journal Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5099","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0136|cit136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321-4","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7680493","article-title":"Double-blind pilot trial of oral tolerization with myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis","volume":"259","author":"Weiner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0137|cit137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1101100206","article-title":"Multivariate random-effects meta-regression: updates to mvmeta","volume":"11","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stata Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0138|cit138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1045","article-title":"Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: model estimation using multivariate meta-regression","volume":"3","author":"White","year":"2012","journal-title":"Research Synthesis Methods"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0139|cit139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-7-30","article-title":"Dimethylfumarate inhibits microglial and astrocytic inflammation by suppressing the synthesis of nitric oxide, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in an in-vitro model of brain inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Wilms","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0140|cit140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604-9","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2365","article-title":"A role for interleukin-2 trans-presentation in dendritic cell-mediated T cell activation in humans, as revealed by daclizumab therapy","volume":"17","author":"Wuest","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0141|cit141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/356063a0","article-title":"Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by antibodies against alpha 4 beta 1 integrin","volume":"356","author":"Yednock","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0142|cit142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054693","article-title":"Evaluation of patients treated with natalizumab for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"354","author":"Yousry","year":"2006","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0143|cit143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857-69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2012.02.018","article-title":"Network analysis of randomized controlled trials in multiple sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Zintzaras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Therapeutics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2-BIB0144|cit144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381","article-title":"Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis","author":"Tramacere","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd011381.pub3","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704326400000}}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/wol1\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2\/fullpdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T13:05:24Z","timestamp":1656335124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub2"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"name":"Cochrane Multiple Sclerosis and Rare Diseases of the CNS Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]},"references-count":144,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd011381.pub2","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011381.pub3","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1465-1858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-1858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]}}}