{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T19:16:00Z","timestamp":1793646960520,"version":"4.5.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd011562","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,17]],"date-time":"2016-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476662400000}}],"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com","cochranelibrary.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd011562.pub2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,16]],"date-time":"2016-10-16T21:53:07Z","timestamp":1476654787000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Chewing gum for enhancing early recovery of bowel function after caesarean section"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2016","author":[{"given":"Edna","family":"Pereira Gomes Morais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Estadual de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade de Alagoas - UNCISAL; Rua Dr Jorge de Lima, 113 - Trapiche da Barra Macei\u00f3 Alagoas Brazil 57010-300"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Riera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Cochrane Centre; Centro de Estudos em Medicina Baseada em Evid\u00eancias e Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnol\u00f3gica em Sa\u00fade; Rua Borges Lagoa, 564 cj 63 S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil 04038-000"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo JM","family":"Porf\u00edrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Cochrane Centre; Centro de Estudos em Medicina Baseada em Evid\u00eancias e Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnol\u00f3gica em Sa\u00fade; Rua Borges Lagoa, 564 cj 63 S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil 04038-000"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiane R","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos de Sa\u00fade Baseada em Evid\u00eancias e Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnol\u00f3gica em Sa\u00fade; Brazilian Cochrane Centre; Rua Borges Lagoa, 564 cj 63 S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil 04038-000"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Sarmento Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Estadual de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade de Alagoas - UNCISAL; Rua Dr Jorge de Lima, 113 - Trapiche da Barra Macei\u00f3 Alagoas Brazil 57010-300"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexsandra","family":"de Souza Pedrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Estadual de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade de Alagoas - UNCISAL; Rua Dr Jorge de Lima, 113 - Trapiche da Barra Macei\u00f3 Alagoas Brazil 57010-300"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria R","family":"Torloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos de Sa\u00fade Baseada em Evid\u00eancias e Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnol\u00f3gica em Sa\u00fade; Brazilian Cochrane Centre; Rua Borges Lagoa, 564 cj 63 S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil 04038-000"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0001|cit1","first-page":"214","article-title":"An investigation on the effect of chewing gum on gastrointestinal function after cesarean operation","volume":"12","author":"Abasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Urmia Nursing & Midwifery Faculty"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0002|cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02225.x","article-title":"Gum chewing stimulates early return of bowel motility after caesarean section","volume":"116","author":"Abd-El-Maeboud","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0003|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.144388","article-title":"The efficacy of chewing gum on postoperative ileus following cesarean section in Enugu, South East Nigeria: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"17","author":"Ajuzieogu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0004|cit4","first-page":"35","article-title":"Effect of gum chewing on prevention of post cesarean ileus","volume":"14","author":"Akhlaghi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of HAYAT"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0006|cit5","unstructured":"Dehcheshmeh FS Effect of early initiation of oral feeding and gum chewing on the return of bowel function in elective cesarean-delivery en.search.irct.ir\/view\/3086"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0005|cit6","first-page":"16","article-title":"The effect of chewing sugar free gum after elective cesarean-delivery on return of bowel function in primiparous women","volume":"4","author":"Dehcheshmeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0007|cit7","unstructured":"Garshasbi A Behboudi S The effect of gum chewing on postoperative ileus after cesarean section Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology 42nd Annual Meeting; 2010 May 12-16, San Antonio, Texas, USA 2010"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0008|cit8","unstructured":"Charoenkwan K The effects of gum chewing on bowel function recovery following cesarean section: randomized controlled trial clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT01131416"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0009|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-013-2727-x","article-title":"Effects of gum chewing on recovery of bowel function following cesarean section: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"288","author":"Jakkaew","year":"2013","journal-title":"Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0010|cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1159\/000260048","article-title":"Influence of gum chewing on postoperative bowel activity after cesarean section","volume":"69","author":"Kafali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0011|cit11","first-page":"19","article-title":"Effect of gum chewing after cesarean-delivery on return of bowel function","volume":"14","author":"Ledari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0013|cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.17305\/bjbms.2012.2452","article-title":"Chewing gum has stimulatory effects on bowel function in patients undergoing cesarean section: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Ledari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0012|cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.6458","article-title":"Chewing sugar-free gum reduces ileus after cesarean section in nulliparous women: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Ledari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0014|cit14","unstructured":"Mohsenzadeh F Evaluation the effect of gum chewing on the return of bowel function in cesarean\u2013delivery patients en.search.irct.ir\/view\/3844"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0015|cit15","first-page":"81","article-title":"The clinical observation of enhancing recovery of gastrointestinal function after cesarean section by gum chewing","volume":"28","author":"Liang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Tongji University (Medical Science)"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0016|cit16","first-page":"2158","article-title":"\u201cFalse eat\u201d diet promote cesarean section with recovery of gastrointestinal function. Cinical study of functional recovery and lactation","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Nurses Training"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0017|cit17","first-page":"2948","article-title":"Effect of chewing gum after cesarean section on restoration of gastrointestinal function","volume":"16","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"China Journal of Modern Nursing"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0018|cit18","first-page":"3257\u201361","article-title":"Effect of sugarless gum chewing on intestinal movement after cesarean section","volume":"10","author":"Rashad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Life Science Journal"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0019|cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10S","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200604001-00023","article-title":"Evaluation of gum chewing on the return of bowel functions in cesarean-delivery patients (abstract)","volume":"107","author":"Satij","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0020|cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1243313","article-title":"Gum chewing slightly enhances early recovery from postoperative ileus after cesarean section: results of a prospective, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Shang","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Perinatology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0021|cit21","first-page":"682","article-title":"Influence of sham feeding on motilin and evacuating time after accepting cesarean section","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chinese Nursing Research"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0022|cit22","first-page":"S525","article-title":"Gum chewing versus traditional feeding on the early return of bowel motility after cesarean delivery: a prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"119","author":"Zamora","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"9-10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0023|cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13245","article-title":"Effect of bed exercises and gum chewing on abdominal sounds, flatulence and early discharge in the early period after caesarean section","volume":"25","author":"Cevik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Nursing"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0024|cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/wvn.12125","article-title":"The effect of gum chewing, early oral hydration, and early mobilization on intestinal motility after cesarean birth","volume":"12","author":"Sahin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0025|cit25","unstructured":"Abd-El-Maeboud K Gum chewing and the return of bowel motility after caesarean section under regional anaesthesia isrctn.com\/ISRCTN83008008"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0026|cit26","unstructured":"Ellaithy M Chewing gums to stimulate intestinal motility after cesarean section clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02386748"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0027|cit27","unstructured":"El-Sharkawy M Gum chewing and bowel motility in patients undergoing cesarean section. Kasr el Ainy experience. A randomized controlled trial clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/study\/NCT02533830"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0028|cit28","unstructured":"Kamalimanesh B The effect of chewing gum on the bloating after of cesarean section en.search.irct.ir\/view\/22960"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0029|cit29","unstructured":"Yilmaz F Efficacy and effectiveness of gum chewing on bowel function after cesarean section: a randomized controlled trial clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02497794"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0030|cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-008-9491-2","article-title":"Prolonged postoperative ileus-definition, risk factors, and predictors after surgery","volume":"32","author":"Artinyan","year":"2008","journal-title":"World Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0031|cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S1072-7515(02)01179-1","article-title":"Gum chewing enhances early recovery from postoperative ileus after laparoscopic colectomy","volume":"195","author":"Asao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Surgeons"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0032|cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-3150.2004.00558.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of postoperative ileus","volume":"16","author":"Bauer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterology & Motility"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0033|cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1053\/cgh.2003.50012","article-title":"Postoperative ileus: etiologies and interventions","volume":"1","author":"Behm","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0034|cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0148343","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148343","article-title":"The increasing trend in caesarean section rates: global, regional and national estimates: 1990-2014","volume":"11","author":"Betr\u00e1n","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0035|cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.1996.tb00874.x","article-title":"Gum chewing and jaw muscle fatigue and pains","volume":"23","author":"Christensen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Oral Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0036|cit36","first-page":"G408","article-title":"Human colonic smooth muscle electrical activity during and after recovery from postoperative ileus","volume":"269","author":"Condon","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0037|cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12696","article-title":"Chewing gum in preventing postoperative ileus in women undergoing caesarean section: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"121","author":"Craciunas","year":"2014","journal-title":"BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0038|cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-3150.2004.00559.x","article-title":"Clinical perspective on postoperative ileus and the effect of opiates","volume":"16 Suppl 2","author":"Delaney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterology & Motility"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0039|cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0102","article-title":"The impact of polyol-containing gums on dental caries: a systematic review of original randomized controlled trials and observational studies","volume":"139","author":"Deshpande","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of the American Dental Association"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0040|cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-009-0104-5","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of chewing-gum therapy in the reduction of postoperative paralytic ileus following gastrointestinal surgery","volume":"33","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0041|cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006506","article-title":"Chewing gum for postoperative ileus","author":"Griffiths","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0042|cit42","first-page":"30","article-title":"The stick history of chewing gum","volume":"33","author":"Gustaitis","year":"1998","journal-title":"American History"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0043|cit43","first-page":"74","article-title":"Since 1928 it's been boom and bust with bubble gum","volume":"21","author":"Hendrickson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Smithsonian"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0044|cit44","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Altman DG Sterne JAC (editors) Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from handbook.cochrane.org"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0045|cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e3182a665be","article-title":"A meta-analysis on the effect of sham feeding following colectomy: should gum chewing be included in enhanced recovery after surgery protocols?","volume":"57","author":"Ho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon & Rectum"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0046|cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12836","article-title":"Gum chewing and gastrointestinal function following caesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"241","author":"Hochner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Nursing"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0047|cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.2000.01595.x","article-title":"Postoperative ileus: a preventable event","volume":"87","author":"Holte","year":"2000","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0048|cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2014.10.004","article-title":"Usefulness of chewing gum for recovering intestinal function after cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"54","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0049|cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2009.15.6.485","article-title":"Economic burden of postoperative ileus associated with colectomy in the United States","volume":"15","author":"Iyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0050|cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528909092239","article-title":"Rectosigmoid motility response to sham feeding in irritable bowel syndrome. Evidence of a cephalic phase","volume":"24","author":"Jepsen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0051|cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.76a.09051","article-title":"Current therapies to shorten postoperative ileus","volume":"76","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0052|cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NURSE.0000446649.56360.b8","article-title":"Does gum chewing prevent postoperative paralytic ileus?","volume":"44","author":"Keenahan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nursing"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0053|cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(01)00781-4","article-title":"Review of postoperative ileus","volume":"182 Suppl","author":"Kehlet","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0054|cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"II17","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.45.2008.ii17","article-title":"Principles of applied neurogastroenterology: physiology\/motility-sensation","volume":"45","author":"Kellow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0055|cit55","first-page":"G591","article-title":"Relation between duodenal alkaline secretion and motility in fasted and sham-fed dogs","volume":"251","author":"Konturek","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0056|cit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(96)00131-7","article-title":"Postoperative management of cesarean patients: the effect of immediate feeding on the incidence of ileus","volume":"88","author":"Kramer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0057|cit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.12968\/gasn.2012.10.3.17","article-title":"Gum chewing as a strategy to reduce the duration of postoperative ileus","volume":"10","author":"Lafon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointestinal Nursing"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0058|cit58","first-page":"293","article-title":"The incidence of adynamic ileus in postcesarean patients. Patient-controlled analgesia versus intramuscular analgesia","volume":"38","author":"LaRosa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Reproductive Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0059|cit59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122\u201332","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12206","article-title":"Chewing gum reduces postoperative ileus following abdominal surgery: a meta-analysis of 17 randomized controlled trials","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0060|cit60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537233","article-title":"Postoperative ileus","volume":"35","author":"Livingston","year":"1990","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases and Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0061|cit61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.138.2.206","article-title":"Mechanisms and treatment of postoperative ileus","volume":"138","author":"Luckey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Archives of Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0062|cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003516","article-title":"Early compared with delayed oral fluids and food after caesarean section","author":"Mangesi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0063|cit63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-005-0613-9","article-title":"Review of the pathophysiology and management of postoperative ileus","volume":"30","author":"Mattei","year":"2006","journal-title":"World Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0064|cit64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1smjwms","volume-title":"Chicle: the Chewing Gum of the Americas, from the Ancient Maya to William Wrigley","author":"Matthews","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0065|cit65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910608500212","article-title":"Mutans streptococci dose response to xylitol chewing gum","volume":"85","author":"Milgrom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0066|cit66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-009-0661-y","article-title":"Sham feed or sham? A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials assessing the effect of gum chewing on gut function after elective colorectal surgery","volume":"24","author":"Parnaby","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Colorectal Disease"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0067|cit67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1980.03310030046027","article-title":"Dietetic food diarrhea","volume":"244","author":"Ravry","year":"1980","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0068|cit68","unstructured":"The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan) 2014"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0069|cit69","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann HJ Oxman AD Vist GE Higgins JPT Deeks JJ Glasziou P Chapter 12: Interpreting results and drawing conclusions. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from handbook.cochrane.org"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0070|cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006506.pub3","article-title":"Chewing gum for postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function","author":"Short","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0071|cit71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01300279","article-title":"Effect of meal composition and sham feeding on duodenojejunal motility in humans","volume":"37","author":"Soffer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases and Sciences"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0072|cit72","first-page":"1006","article-title":"Early oral feeding after cesarean delivery","volume":"87","author":"Soriano","year":"1996","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0073|cit73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01536327","article-title":"Sham feeding. Cephalic-vagal influences on gastric myoelectric activity","volume":"34","author":"Stern","year":"1989","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases and Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0074|cit74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000000993","article-title":"Does gum chewing increase the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in individuals with gum chewing habits?","volume":"25","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Craniofacial Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0075|cit75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2008.06.044","article-title":"Hypothesis: hexitols in chewing gum may play a role in reducing postoperative ileus","volume":"72","author":"Tandeter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medical Hypotheses"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0076|cit76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-008-0756-8","article-title":"Is gum chewing useful for ileus after elective colorectal surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"13","author":"Vasquez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0077|cit77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-013-2148-y","article-title":"Defining postoperative Ileus: results of a systematic review and global survey","volume":"17","author":"Vather","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0078|cit78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777-84; discuss","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199006000-00018","article-title":"Gastrointestinal myoelectric and clinical patterns of recovery after laparotomy","volume":"211","author":"Waldhausen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annals of Surgery"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0079|cit79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12258","article-title":"Facilitating early recovery of bowel motility after colorectal surgery: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Wallstr\u00f6m","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Nursing"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0080|cit80","first-page":"1078","article-title":"Effect of chewing gum on the promotion of intestinal function recovery after colorectal surgery: a meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"issue":"2014","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0081|cit81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2013.08.015","article-title":"The influence of excessive chewing gum use on headache frequency and severity among adolescents","volume":"50","author":"Watemberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatric Neurology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0082|cit82","unstructured":"World Health Organization Global health observatory data repository. Maternal health service: births by caesarean section apps.who.int\/gho\/data\/node.main.HE- 1571?lang=en"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0083|cit83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1M121","article-title":"Pharmacologic options to prevent postoperative ileus","volume":"43","author":"Yeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0084|cit84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1159\/000342637","article-title":"Gum chewing: another simple potential method for more rapid improvement of postoperative gastrointestinal function","volume":"87","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2-BIB0085|cit85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12662","article-title":"Effects of gum chewing on postoperative bowel motility after caesarean section: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"121","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology"}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/cdsr\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2\/epdf\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T04:34:14Z","timestamp":1772685254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD011562.pub2"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"name":"Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,17]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd011562.pub2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-1858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-1858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,17]]}}}