{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:55:19Z","timestamp":1791273319343,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd014610","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000}}],"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com","cochranelibrary.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd014610.pub2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:16:06Z","timestamp":1788963366000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thymosin-\u02511 for people with chronic hepatitis B"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3425-7149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cho","family":"Naing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Dentistry; James Cook University; Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3274-2554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine; Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia; Iskandar Puteri, Johor Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4789-258X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Htar Htar","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine; IMU University; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saint Nway","family":"Aye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine; IMU University; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrinka","family":"Nikolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, Copenhagen Trial Unit; Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Poovorawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Clinical Virology; Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chavdar","family":"Pavlov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Therapy; IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Moscow Russian Federation"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology; Botkin Hospital; Moscow Russian Federation"},{"name":"Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, Copenhagen Trial Unit; Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0001|cit1","unstructured":"Haber P \u00a0Schillie S Chapter 10: Hepatitis B https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/pinkbook\/hcp\/table-of-contents\/chapter-10-hepatitis-b.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0002|cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.03.021","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"67","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL)","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0003|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-015-9675-4","article-title":"Asian-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B: a 2015 update","volume":"10","author":"Sarin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology International"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0004|cit4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) Global hepatitis report https:\/\/www.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/255016\/1\/9789241565455-eng.pdf?ua=1"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0005|cit5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) Global hepatitis report 2026 https:\/\/iris.who.int\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/6f6caedc-37a0-49ee-a02a-df9c3b78ff42\/content"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0006|cit6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, care and treatment for people with chronic hepatitis B infection https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/376353\/9789240090903-eng.pdf?sequence="},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0007|cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2014.64","article-title":"Persistence of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA in hepatocytes: molecular mechanisms and clinical significance","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes and Infections"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0008|cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X","article-title":"Immune response and tolerance during chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"37 Suppl 3","author":"Bertoletti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0009|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.03.018","article-title":"EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"83","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0010|cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00760-9","article-title":"Global burden of hepatitis B virus: current status, missed opportunities and a call for action","volume":"20","author":"Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0011|cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2016.06.006","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection and impact of vaccination on disease","volume":"20","author":"Nelson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinics in Liver Disease"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0012|cit12","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) Progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections 2019. Accountability for the global health sector strategies, 2016\u20132021 https:\/\/www.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/324797\/WHO-CDS-HIV-19.7-eng.pdf?ua=1"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0013|cit13","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) Combating hepatitis B and C to reach elimination by 2030 https:\/\/www.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/206453\/WHO_HIV_2016.04_eng.pdf?sequence=1"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0014|cit14","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) Global hepatitis report 2024: action for access in low- and middle-income countries https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240091672"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0015|cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.4.4.559","article-title":"Thymosins: chemistry and biological properties in health and diseases","volume":"4","author":"Goldstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0016|cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203724666221201093500","article-title":"Thymosin \u03b24 and actin: binding modes, biological functions and clinical applications","volume":"24","author":"Ying","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Protein & Peptide Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0017|cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3539","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28083539","article-title":"Thymosin \u03b11 and Its role in viral infectious diseases: the mechanism and clinical application","volume":"28","author":"Tao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0018|cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00633.x","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha-1 in Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis B; results from a randomized clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"Iino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Viral Hepatology"},{"issue":"1841","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0019|cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01841","article-title":"Design and development of a novel peptide for treating intestinal inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0020|cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12833","article-title":"Serum thymosin \u03b11 levels in patients with chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases","volume":"186","author":"Pica","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0021|cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2015.1007948","article-title":"Thymosin alpha-1 treatment in chronic hepatitis B","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy"},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0022|cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6715","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i41.6715","article-title":"Efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 and interferon alpha in treatment of chronic viral hepatitis B: a randomized controlled study","volume":"12","author":"You","year":"2006","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0023|cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-010-9224-1","article-title":"Thymosin alpha 1 is associated with improved cellular immunity and reduced infection rate in severe acute pancreatitis patients in a double blind randomised control study","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0024|cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003964","article-title":"Interventions for preventing infection in nephrotic syndrome","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0025|cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2018.1451511","article-title":"Combination of entecavir with thymosin alpha-1 in HBV-related compensated cirrhosis: a prospective multicenter randomised open-label study","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0026|cit26","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) Global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis 2016\u20132021 https:\/\/www.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/246177\/WHO-HIV-2016.06-eng.pdf?sequence=1"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0027|cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309809","article-title":"HBV cccDNA: viral persistence reservoir and key obstacle for a cure of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"64","author":"Nassal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0028|cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10\u2013e21","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00436-3","article-title":"New therapeutic agents for chronic hepatitis B","volume":"16","author":"Brahmania","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0029|cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.3390\/v15122315","article-title":"Current status and challenges in anti-Hepatitis B virus agents based on Inactivation\/Inhibition or elimination of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA","volume":"15","author":"Zhuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0030|cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3138\/canlivj.2018-0008","article-title":"Management of hepatitis B virus infection: 2018 guidelines from the Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver and Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious disease Canada (CASL\/AMMI 2018 guidelines)","volume":"1","author":"Coffin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Canadian Liver Journal"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0031|cit31","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Hepatitis B (chronic): diagnosis and management. Clinical guideline [CG165] https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg165"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0032|cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29800","article-title":"Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance","volume":"67","author":"Terrault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"63","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0033|cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-63","article-title":"Treatment with lamivudine versus lamivudine and thymosin alpha-1 for e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology Journal"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0034|cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2001.01135.x","article-title":"The efficacy of thymosin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Chan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0035|cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-020-01477-8","article-title":"The clinical efficacy and adverse effects of entecavir plus thymosin alpha-1 combination therapy versus entecavir monotherapy in HBV-related cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0036|cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.10.014","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 and interferon alpha in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antiviral Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0037|cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003621.pub2","article-title":"Thymosin alpha1 for chronic hepatitis B","author":"Saconato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0038|cit38","unstructured":"Higgins JP Lasserson T Thomas J Flemyng E Churchill R Methodological Expectations of Cochrane Intervention Reviews. Cochrane: London, Version August 2023 Available from https:\/\/community.cochrane.org\/mecir-manual"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0039|cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0040|cit40","first-page":"n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Research Ed)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0041|cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610","article-title":"Thymosin-\u02511 for people with chronic hepatitis B","author":"Htet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0042|cit42","unstructured":"Higgins JP Eldridge S Li T Chapter 23: Including variants on randomized trials [last updated October 2019]. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5 (updated August 2024). Cochrane, 2024 Available from https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0043|cit43","unstructured":"International Conference on Harmonisation International conference on harmonisation of technical requirements for registration of pharmaceuticals for human use. ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline post-approval safety data management: definitions and standards for expedited reporting E2D. Current step 4 version https:\/\/www.database.ich.org\/sites\/default\/files\/E2D_Guideline.pdf"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0044|cit44","unstructured":"International Council for Harmonisation of technical requirements for pharmaceuticals for human use (ICH) ICH Harmonised Guideline. Integrated addendum to ICH E6(R1): guideline for good clinical practice E6(R2) https:\/\/database.ich.org\/sites\/default\/files\/E6_R2_Addendum.pdf"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0045|cit45","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency ICH Topic E 2 A clinical safety data management: definitions and standards for expedited reporting (ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline) https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/scientific-guideline\/international-conference-harmonisation-technical-requirements-registration-pharmaceuticals-human-use_en-15.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0046|cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2008.062349","article-title":"Histological scoring of fibrosis and activity in HIV-chronic hepatitis B-related liver disease: performance of the METAVIR score assessed on virtual slides","volume":"62","author":"Wendum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pathology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0047|cit47","unstructured":"Lefebvre C Glanville J Briscoe S Featherstone R Littlewood A Chapter 4: Searching for and selecting studies [last updated March 2025]. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5.1 Cochrane, 2025 Available from https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0048|cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01542-z","article-title":"PRISMA-S: an extension to the PRISMA statement for reporting literature searches in systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Rethlefsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0049|cit49","unstructured":"Lefebvre C Glanville J Briscoe S Featherstone R Littlewood A Technical Supplement to Chapter 4: Searching for and selecting studies [last updated September 2024]. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5 (updated August 2024). Cochrane, 2024 Available from https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0050|cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e012047","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012047","article-title":"Why articles are retracted: a retrospective cross-sectional study of retraction notices at bioMed central","volume":"6","author":"Moylan","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0051|cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.2010.040964","article-title":"Why and how do journals retract articles? An analysis of Medline retractions 1988\u20132008","volume":"37","author":"Wager","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Ethics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0052|cit52","unstructured":"Higgins JP Thomas J Chandler J Cumpston M Li T Page MJ Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5 (updated August 2024). Cochrane, 2024 Available from https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0053|cit53","unstructured":"Review Manager (RevMan) The Cochrane Collaboration 2026"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0054|cit54","unstructured":"Higgins JP Savovi\u0107 J Page MJ Sterne JA the RoB2 Development Group Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/riskofbiastool\/welcome\/rob-2-0-tool\/current-version-of-rob-2?authuser=0"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0055|cit55","unstructured":"Higgins JP Savovi\u0107 J Page MJ Elbers RG Sterne JA Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial [last updated October 2019]. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5 (updated August 2024). Cochrane, 2024 Available from https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0056|cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0057|cit57","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann HJ Vist GE Higgins JP Santesso N Deeks JJ Glasziou P Chapter 15: Interpreting results and drawing conclusions [last updated August 2023]. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5 (updated August 2024). Cochrane, 2024 Available from https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0058|cit58","unstructured":"Deeks JJ Higgins JP Altman DG McKenzie JE Veroniki AA Chapter 10: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses [last updated November 2024]. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5 (updated August 2024). Cochrane, 2024 Available from https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0059|cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601118","article-title":"Tutorial paper survival analysis part I: basic concepts and first analyses","volume":"89","author":"Clark","year":"2003","journal-title":"British Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0060|cit60","unstructured":"Higgins JP Li T Deeks JJ Chapter 6: Choosing effect measures and computing estimates of effect [last updated August 2023]. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5 (updated August 2024). Cochrane, 2024 Available from https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0061|cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-8-16","article-title":"Practical methods for incorporating summary time-to event data into meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Tierney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0062|cit62","unstructured":"Peryer G Golder S Junqueira D Vohra S Loke YK Chapter 19: Adverse effects [last updated October 2019]. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5 (updated August 2024). Cochrane, 2024 Available from https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0063|cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.13699\/j.cnki.1001-6821.2017.11.004","article-title":"Clinical trial of thymosin \u03b11 injection combined with Entecavir capsules in the treatment of cirrhosis with decompensated liver function","volume":"30","author":"Diao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0064|cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2002.00361.x","article-title":"Thymosin-a1 and famciclovir combination therapy activates T-cell response in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in immune-tolerant phase","volume":"9","author":"Lau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Viral Hepatitis"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0065|cit65","first-page":"5306","article-title":"The effect of combination of thymosin \u03b11 and entecavir on the HBeAg of patients with HBV-liver cirrhosis","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Progress in Modern Biomedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0066|cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/s1726-4901(09)70137-6","article-title":"A randomized, controlled, clinical study of thymosin alpha-1 versus interferon-alpha in patients with chronic hepatitis B lacking HBeAg in China","volume":"68","author":"You","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Chinese Medical Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0067|cit67","first-page":"154","article-title":"Erratum","volume":"68","author":"You","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Chinese Medical Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0068|cit68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v7.i3.407","article-title":"Preliminary results of thymosin-a1 versus interferon-alpha-treatment in patients with HBeAg negative and serum HBV DNA-positive chronic hepatitis B","volume":"7","author":"Zhuang","year":"2001","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0069|cit69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6715","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i41.6715","article-title":"Efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 and interferon alpha in treatment of chronic viral hepatitis B: a randomized controlled study","volume":"12","author":"You","year":"2006","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0070|cit70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v7.i3.411","article-title":"A randomized controlled clinical trial on the treatment of thymosin a1 versus interferon-\u03b1 in patients with hepatitis B","volume":"7","author":"You","year":"2001","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0071|cit71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7211.670","article-title":"What is meant by intention to treat analysis? Survey of published randomised controlled trials","volume":"319","author":"Hollis","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0072|cit72","unstructured":"Page MJ Higgins JP Sterne JA Chapter 13: Assessing risk of bias due to missing evidence in a meta-analysis [last updated August 2024]. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5 (updated August 2024). Cochrane, 2024 Available from https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0073|cit73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0074|cit74","unstructured":"McKenzie JE Brennan SE Chapter 12: Synthesizing and presenting findings using other methods [last updated October 2019]. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5 (updated August 2024). Cochrane, 2024 Available from https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0075|cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.MR000033.pub3","article-title":"Industry sponsorship and research outcome","author":"Lundh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0076|cit76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1281","article-title":"Hepatitis B treatment: what we know now and what remains to be researched","volume":"3","author":"Lok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reviews: Hepatology Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0077|cit77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.08.005","article-title":"Applying an equity lens to interventions: using PROGRESS ensures consideration of socially stratifying factors to illuminate inequities in health","volume":"67","author":"O'Neill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0078|cit78","unstructured":"GRADEpro GDT McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime) 2026"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0079|cit79","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann HJ Higgins JP Vist GE Glasziou P Akl EA Skoetz N Chapter 14: Completing \u2018Summary of findings\u2019 tables and grading the certainty of the evidence [last updated August 2023]. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5 (updated August 2024). Cochrane, 2024 Available from https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0080|cit80","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann H Bro\u017cek J Guyatt G Oxman A Handbook for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations using the GRADE approach (updated October 2013). GRADE Working Group, 2013 Available from https:\/\/gdt.guidelinedevelopment.org\/app\/handbook\/handbook.html"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0081|cit81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.04.014","article-title":"GRADE guidelines 6. Rating the quality of evidence-imprecision","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0082|cit82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.07.014","article-title":"GRADE Guidance 34: update on rating imprecision using a minimally contextualized approach","volume":"150","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0083|cit83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e081904","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-081904","article-title":"GRADE 2: choosing the target of certainty rating and assessing imprecision","volume":"389","author":"Guyatt","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0084|cit84","unstructured":"Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group (CHBG) Information for authors: core outcomes for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus infection https:\/\/hbg.cochrane.org\/information-authors"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0085|cit85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-022-10335-6","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of thymosin alpha1 in the treatment of hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology International"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0086|cit86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270527","article-title":"Efficacy of thymosin alpha1 in patients with chronic hepatitis B: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Chien","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"8-9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0087|cit87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2012.694902","article-title":"Efficacy of thymosin a-1 plus peginterferon a-2a combination therapy compared with peginterferon a-2a monotherapy in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a prospective, multicenter, randomized, open-label study","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0088|cit88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05387.x","article-title":"Combination therapy of thymosin alpha-1 and lamivudine for HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B: a prospective randomized, comparative pilot study","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0089|cit89","first-page":"55","article-title":"Clinical observation of lamivudine combined with Thymosin\u02511 in treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"6","author":"Liang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomagnetis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0090|cit90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350601100206","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of thymosin-\u03b11 and lymphoblastoid interferon for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B","volume":"11","author":"Lim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antiviral Therapy"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0091|cit91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840140302","article-title":"Thymosin treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a placebo-controlled pilot trial","volume":"14","author":"Mutchick","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0092|cit92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.1999.00181.x","article-title":"Thymosin \u03b11 treatment of chronic hepatitis B: results of a phase III multicentre, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study","volume":"6","author":"Mutchnick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Viral Hepatitis"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0093|cit93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2018.145","article-title":"Combination of entecavir with thymosin alpha-1 in HBV-related compensated cirrhosis: a prospective multicenter randomized open-label study","volume":"18 Suppl 1","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0094|cit94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10240-4","article-title":"Health-related quality of life improves after entecavir treatment in patients with compensated HBV cirrhosis","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology International"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0095|cit95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1005431323945","article-title":"A randomized, controlled study of thymosin-alpha1 therapy in patients with anti-HBe, HBV-DNA-positive chronic hepatitis B","volume":"45","author":"Zavaglia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases and Sciences"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0096|cit96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.42.941","article-title":"A pilot study of thymosin alpha1 therapy for chronic hepatitis B patients","volume":"42","author":"Arase","year":"2003","journal-title":"Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0097|cit97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00633.x","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha-1 in Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis B; results from a randomized clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"Iino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Viral Hepatology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0098|cit98","first-page":"150","article-title":"Sustained response to thymosin alpha 1 therapy in chronic HBsAg, HBeAb, HBVDNA positive hepatitis (abstract)","volume":"25","author":"Rezakovic","year":"1993","journal-title":"Italian Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0099|cit99","first-page":"798","article-title":"Combination thymosin-\u03b11 and interferon-\u03b12b in the treatment of antiHBe-positive chronic hepatitis B in Turkey","volume":"49","author":"Saruc","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepato-Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0100|cit100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.10401","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of thymosin-\u03b11 and interferon \u03b1-2b combination therapy in patients with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) negative chronic hepatitis B","volume":"92","author":"Saruc","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Science"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0101|cit101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.1996.tb00094.x","article-title":"Combination low-dose lymphoblastoid interferon and thymosin Ta1 therapy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"3","author":"Rasi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Viral Hepatitis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0102|cit102","first-page":"114","article-title":"Anti-viral therapy using lamivudine and thymosin is helpful to prevent recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma with coexisting active hepatitis B","volume":"27","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi"},{"issue":"68","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0103|cit103","first-page":"249","article-title":"Antiviral therapy using lamivudine and thymosin alpha1 for hepatocellular carcinoma coexisting with chronic hepatitis B infection","volume":"53","author":"Shuqun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0104|cit104","first-page":"774","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of thymosin-alpha1 versus interferon alfa treatment in patients with hepatitis B e antigen antibody--and hepatitis B virus DNA--positive chronic hepatitis B","volume":"24","author":"Andreone","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0105|cit105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05460.x","article-title":"Thymosin alpha 1 for treatment of hepatitis C virus: promise and proof","volume":"1194","author":"Sherman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2-BIB0106|cit106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.3.294","article-title":"Natural history and prognostic factors for chronic hepatitis type B","volume":"32","author":"Fattovich","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gut"}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:37:18Z","timestamp":1791272238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD014610.pub2"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"name":"Cochrane Central Editorial Service","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd014610.pub2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-1858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-1858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]}}}