{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:50:57Z","timestamp":1791571857486,"version":"4.3.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd015255","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702425600000}}],"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["wiley.com","cochranelibrary.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd015255.pub2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T10:26:35Z","timestamp":1702463195000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Topical and oral steroids for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2023","author":[{"given":"Caroline A","family":"Mulvaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane ENT; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford; Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Galbraith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane ENT; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford; Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie E","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane ENT; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford; Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mridul","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department; Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust; Slough UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Connolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Tudor-Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery; University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust; Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tal","family":"Marom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; Samson Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ben Gurion University Faculty of Health Sciences; Ashdod Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mat","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Children's Hospital; Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roderick P","family":"Venekamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University; Utrecht Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne GM","family":"Schilder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"evidENT, Ear Institute; University College London; London UK"},{"name":"NIHR UCLH Biomedical Research Centre; University College London; London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"MacKeith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0001|cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3126\/jgmcn.v13i2.30198","article-title":"Efficacy and cost-effectiveness analysis of steroid in treatment of otitis media with effusion (OME) in children: a randomized trial","volume":"13","author":"Acharya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Gandaki Medical College Nepal"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0002|cit2","unstructured":"Efficacy and cost analysis of steroid spray in treatment of otitis media with effusion Https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/nct03590912"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0003|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s43163-022-00225-x","article-title":"Effectiveness of mometasone furoate nasal spray on tympanometric results and hearing loss in children with otitis media with effusion","volume":"38","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0004|cit4","first-page":"509","article-title":"Effect of nasal beclomethasone spray in the treatment of otitis media with effusion","volume":"16","author":"Barati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0005|cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-7749.117474","article-title":"Topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children","volume":"19","author":"Beigh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Otology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0006|cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199008000-00001","article-title":"Management of chronic middle ear effusion with prednisone combined with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole","volume":"9","author":"Berman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0007|cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2014.06.006","article-title":"A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of topical intranasal mometasone furoate nasal spray in children of adenoidal hypertrophy with otitis media with effusion","volume":"35","author":"Bhargava","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Otolaryngology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0008|cit8","unstructured":"Akyol MU Cengel S The role of topical nasal steroid aerosol treatment in children with otitis media with effusion and\/or adenoid hypertrophy. 12 months follow-up Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology (ESPO); 2006 Jun 18-21; Paris, France 2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0009|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2005.08.013","article-title":"The role of topical nasal steroids in the treatment of children with otitis media with effusion and\/or adenoid hypertrophy","volume":"70","author":"Cengel","journal-title":"International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0010|cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3342\/ceo.2008.1.4.201","article-title":"Management for the children with otitis media with effusion in the tertiary hospital","volume":"1","author":"Choung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0011|cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949710600501","article-title":"Single dose of betamethasone in combined medical treatment of secretory otitis media","volume":"106","author":"Hemlin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0012|cit12","unstructured":"Papatziamos G Hemlin C Carenfelt C A placebo-controlled study of cetixime and the combination of cefixime and betamethasone in children with secretory otitis media Recent Advances in Otitis Media. Proceedings of the Second Extraordinary International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, Japan, Mar 31-Apr 3, 1993 1994"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0013|cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215117001700","article-title":"Oral steroids alone or followed by intranasal steroids versus watchful waiting in the management of otitis media with effusion","volume":"131","author":"Hussein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Laryngology and Otology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0014|cit14","first-page":"257","article-title":"The efficacy of combining antibiotic treatment with topical intranasal steroid administration in the treatment of chronic otitis media with effusion","volume":"9","author":"Karlidag","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtisas Dergisi: KBB [Journal of Ear, Nose, and Throat]"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0015|cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.3329\/bjms.v21i4.60282","article-title":"Efficacy of mometasone furoate nasal spray with oral montelukast in the treatment of otitis media with effusion with or without adenoid hypertrophy and atopic diseases","volume":"21","author":"Khanam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0016|cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988609500211","article-title":"Oral steroid therapy for chronic middle ear perfusion: a double-blind crossover study","volume":"95","author":"Lambert","year":"1986","journal-title":"Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0017|cit17","first-page":"50","article-title":"Treatment of chronic middle-ear effusion with oral steroids - a double-blind crossover study","volume":"SI","author":"Lambert","year":"1985","journal-title":"Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0018|cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5876(82)90088-X","article-title":"Beclomethasone nasal spray in the treatment of middle-ear effusion - a double-blind study","volume":"4","author":"Lildholdt","year":"1982","journal-title":"International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0019|cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.75.2.329","article-title":"Oral dexamethasone for treatment of persistent middle ear effusion","volume":"75","author":"Macknin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0020|cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.6.1071","article-title":"Systemic steroid for chronic otitis media with effusion in children","volume":"110","author":"Mandel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0021|cit21","unstructured":"Niedermann LG Walter-Bucholtz V Jabalay T Niederman LG Jabalay T A comparative trial of steroids versus placebos for treatment of chronic otitis media with effusion Lim DJ Bluestone CD Klein JO Nelson JD Recent Advances in Otitis Media with Effusion Philadelphia B.C. Decker Inc 1984 273 5"},{"issue":"10147","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0022|cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31490-9","article-title":"Oral steroids for resolution of otitis media with effusion in children (OSTRICH): a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomised trial","volume":"392","author":"Francis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"61","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0023|cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta22610","article-title":"Oral steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children aged 2-8 years: the OSTRICH RCT","volume":"22","author":"Francis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Technology Assessment"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0024|cit24","unstructured":"A randomised double blind placebo controlled clinical trial using oral steroids for the resolution of otitis media with effusion (OME) in children https:\/\/www.isrctn.com\/ISRCTN49798431"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0025|cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas-Jones E Harris D Shepherd V Cannings-John R Hood K Recruitment to oral steroids for the resolution of otitis media with effusion in children (OSTRICH) study: challenges of a randomised controlled trial in secondary care sites across Wales and England Trials 2015 16 Suppl 2 P119","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-16-S2-P119"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0026|cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-016-1236-1","article-title":"Oral steroids for the resolution of otitis media with effusion (OME) in children (OSTRICH): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Waldron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0027|cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1990.01870120050007","article-title":"The efficacy of oral steroids in the treatment of persistent otitis media with effusion","volume":"116","author":"Podoshin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Archives of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0028|cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0385-8146(85)80172-3","article-title":"Peroral prednisolone in the treatment of middle-ear effusion in children: a double-blind study","volume":"12 Suppl 1","author":"Puhakka","year":"1985","journal-title":"Auris, Nasus, Larynx"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0029|cit29","unstructured":"Monteleukast versus inhaled mometasone for treatment of otitis media with effusion in children https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT02541760"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0030|cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4890","DOI":"10.19082\/4890","article-title":"Montelukast versus inhaled mometasone for treatment of otitis media with effusion in children: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Rahmati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electronic Physician"},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0031|cit31","first-page":"14","article-title":"The effect of prednisolone on middle ear fluid absorption","volume":"11","author":"Saffar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0032|cit32","unstructured":"Scadding G Rajput K Parikh A Hilss S Jansz JA Darby YC Double blind, placebo-controlled study of flixonase with and without otovent in the treatment of otitis media with effusion 8th International Congress of Paediatric Otorhinolaryngology (ESPO); 2002 Sep 11-14; Oxford, UK 2002 92 3"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0033|cit33","first-page":"2","article-title":"Double-blind, placebo controlled randomised trial of medical therapy in otitis media with effusion","volume":"1","author":"Scadding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in Life Sciences and Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 68","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0034|cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894800890S369","article-title":"Use of a short course of prednisone for treating middle ear effusion. A double-blind crossover study","volume":"89","author":"Schwartz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. Supplement"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0035|cit35","first-page":"201","article-title":"Use of a short course of prednisone for treating middle-ear effusions - double-blind crossover study","volume":"3","author":"Schwartz","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0036|cit36","first-page":"77","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of nasal beclomethasone spray in ear disease in Aboriginal children","volume":"21","author":"Stuart","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aboriginal Torres Strait Island Health Information Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0037|cit37","unstructured":"A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial of topical nasal steroids in 4-11 year old children with persistent bilateral Otitis Media with Effusion (OME) in primary care https:\/\/www.isrctn.com\/ISRCTN38988331"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0038|cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2010.00711.x","article-title":"Cost-utility analysis of topical intranasal steroids for otitis media with effusion based on evidence from the GNOME trial","volume":"13","author":"Petrou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Value in Health"},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0039|cit39","first-page":"1","article-title":"A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial of topical intranasal corticosteroids in 4- to 11-year-old children with persistent bilateral otitis media with effusion in primary care","volume":"13","author":"Williamson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England)"},{"issue":"7737","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0040|cit40","first-page":"b4984","article-title":"Topical intranasal corticosteroids in 4-11 year old children with persistent bilateral otitis media with effusion in primary care: double blind randomised placebo controlled trial","volume":"339","author":"Williamson","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0041|cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.32996\/jmhs.2023.4.1.5","article-title":"Is mometasone effective in treating otitis media with effusion?","volume":"4","author":"Al-Zaidi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Medical and Health Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0042|cit42","first-page":"33","article-title":"The possible role of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children suffering from chronic otitis media with effusion","volume":"46","author":"Ardehali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Medica Iranica"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0043|cit43","first-page":"992","article-title":"Intranasal corticosteroids do not cure otitis media with effusion","volume":"82","author":"Crawford-Faucher","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Family Physician"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0044|cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199107000-00004","article-title":"Resolution of otitis media with effusion with the use of a stepped treatment regimen of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and prednisone","volume":"10","author":"Daly","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0045|cit45","unstructured":"Daly K Giebink GS Lindgren B Anderson RS Controlled clinical trial for prevention of chronic otitis media with effusion Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media; 1987 Jun 1-4; Toronto (ON) 1987 247 50"},{"issue":"7737","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0046|cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b5380","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b5380","article-title":"Topical intranasal corticosteroids for otitis media with effusion in primary care","volume":"340","author":"Damoiseaux","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0047|cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1548535","article-title":"The efficacy of nasal steroids in treatment of otitis media with effusion: a comparative study","volume":"19","author":"El-Anwar","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0048|cit48","first-page":"116","article-title":"Secretory media otitis: clinical treatment vs placebo","volume":"63","author":"Endo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0049|cit49","unstructured":"Ferrara S Sammartano D Ferrara P Long-term management of recurrent otitis media with effusion in children XVIII IFOS World Congress; 2005 Jun 25-30; Rome (Italy) 2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0050|cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1996.tb00911.x","article-title":"Nasal inflammation and chronic ear disease in Australian Aboriginal children","volume":"32","author":"Gibson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0051|cit51","unstructured":"Giebink GC Batalden PB Le CT Russ JN Knox JK Anderson RS Randomized controlled trial comparing trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, prednisone, ibuprofen, and no treatment in chronic otitis media with effusion Recent Advances Otitis Media: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media; 1988 Jun 1-4; Toronto (Canada) 1988 240 4"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0052|cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199001000-00008","article-title":"A controlled trial comparing three treatments for chronic otitis media with effusion","volume":"9","author":"Giebink","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0053|cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2011.56","article-title":"Management of eustachian tube dysfunction with nasal steroid spray: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"137","author":"Gluth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0054|cit54","unstructured":"Short term relief of Eustachian tube dysfunction and serous otitis media using intranasal steroid sprays https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT00279916"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0055|cit55","first-page":"019","article-title":"The therapeutic effects of oral administration and intratympanic injection of glucocorticoid in the treatment of otitis media with effusion","volume":"6","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Audiology and Speech Pathology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0056|cit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1136\/dtb.2019.000068","article-title":"Do oral steroids improve hearing outcomes in children with otitis media with effusion?","volume":"57","author":"Hughes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0057|cit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.3950\/jibiinkoka.92.1183","article-title":"Factors on delayed recovery of otitis media with effusion in children--clinical and bacteriological study","volume":"92","author":"Iino","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nihon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0058|cit58","first-page":"1399","article-title":"Oral steroids for persistent otitis media with effusion","volume":"54","author":"Isaacs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0059|cit59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489850154720","article-title":"Epidemiology and treatment of otitis media with effusion in children in the first year of primary school","volume":"118","author":"Marchisio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Oto-laryngologica"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0060|cit60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k3576","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3576","article-title":"Oral steroids fail to prevent hearing loss in children with otitis media with effusion, shows trial","volume":"362","author":"Mayor","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0061|cit61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paradise J Campbell T Dollaghan C Feldman H Bernard B Colborn K Receptive vocabulary, cognition, and parent-rated behavior at age 3 years in relation to otitis media in the first 3 years of life Abstract Book of the Association of Health Service Research 1997 350 1","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199704001-00584"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0062|cit62","first-page":"452","article-title":"Tympanometry as a predictor factor in the evolution of otitis media with effusion","volume":"5","author":"Parlea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Life"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0063|cit63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1177\/000348947808700208","article-title":"Otitis media with effusion: a steroid and antibiotic therapeutic trial before surgery","volume":"87","author":"Persico","year":"1978","journal-title":"Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0064|cit64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohail A Gill ZI Butt MR A comparison of medical treatment versus surgical treatment for the management of otitis media with effusion Annals of King Edward Medical College 2006 12 1 64 7","DOI":"10.21649\/akemu.v12i1.829"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0065|cit65","first-page":"20","article-title":"The efficacy of nasal steroids in treatment of otitis media with effusion: a comparative study","volume":"7","author":"Salmen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Egyptian Journal of Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0066|cit66","first-page":"284","article-title":"Intranasal beclomethasone in the treatment of middle ear effusion: a pilot study","volume":"45","author":"Schwartz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Annals of Allergy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0067|cit67","first-page":"81","article-title":"Treatment of persistent Eustachian tube dysfunction in children with aerosolized nasal dexamethasone phosphate versus placebo","volume":"49","author":"Shapiro","year":"1982","journal-title":"Annals of Allergy"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0068|cit68","unstructured":"Shubich I Otitis media with effusion and allergy control in children: a prospective study Sixth International Symposium on Otitis Media; 1996; Fort Lauderdale (FL) 1996 173 4"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0069|cit69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.159.12.1151","article-title":"Hearing thresholds and tympanic membrane sequelae in children managed medically or surgically for otitis media with effusion","volume":"159","author":"Stenstrom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0070|cit70","first-page":"59","article-title":"Intranasal beclomethasone as an adjunct to treatment of chronic middle ear effusion","volume":"74","author":"Tracy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0071|cit71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62956-0","article-title":"Intranasal beclomethasone as an adjunct to treatment of chronic middle ear effusion","volume":"80","author":"Tracy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0072|cit72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2011.02.014","article-title":"The clinical status of the eardrum: an inclusion criterion for the treatment of chronic secretory otitis media in children","volume":"75","author":"Velepic","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0073|cit73","unstructured":"Yeldandi V MacLeod C Mulvaney AM Open-label, randomised, comparative study of usual care with or without clarithromycin suspension in serous otitis media with inflammation 22nd International Congress of Chemotherapy; 2001 Jun 30-Jul 3; Amsterdam (the Netherlands) 2001"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0074|cit74","first-page":"273","article-title":"Antibiotics and oral steroids in the treatment of otitis media with effusion","volume":"16","author":"Zocconi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0075|cit75","unstructured":"Koay B Commins DJ Bates S Mitchell B Moore A Bates G In search of a medical treatment for otitis media with effusion (OME): a randomised double-blind controlled trial (RCT) 7th International Congress of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. Helsinki, Finland, 7-10 June 1998 1998 64"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0076|cit76","unstructured":"Tawfik S Belal A Sorour W A comparative study of the different treatment modalities of otitis media with effusion in children 8th International Congress of Paediatric Otorhinolaryngology (ESPO). Oxford, UK, 11-14 September 2002 2002 151, Abstract No. P2.26"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0077|cit77","unstructured":"The efficacy of nasal steroids in treatment of otitis media with effusion: a comparative study https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/nct03491098"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0078|cit78","volume-title":"Parenting Stress Index Professional Manual","author":"Abidin","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0079|cit79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-79948-3_1529","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology","author":"Achenbach","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0080|cit80","volume-title":"Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development","author":"Bayley","year":"2006"},{"issue":"68","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0081|cit81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta19680","article-title":"The management of Otitis Media with Effusion in children with cleft palate (mOMEnt): a feasibility study and economic evaluation","volume":"19","author":"Bruce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Technology Assessment"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0082|cit82","unstructured":"Cochrane ENT Otitis media with effusion: a project to prioritise Cochrane systematic reviews https:\/\/ent.cochrane.org\/otitis-media-effusion-ome-glue-ear"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0083|cit83","volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Fourth Edition (PPVT\u2122-4)","author":"Dunn","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0084|cit84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200202000-00006","article-title":"Multiattribute and single-attribute utility functions for the health utilities index mark 3 system","volume":"40","author":"Feeny","year":"2002","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0085|cit85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1008981603178","article-title":"Development and psychometric evaluation of the TAPQOL: a health-related quality of life instrument for 1\u20135-year-old children","volume":"9","author":"Fekkes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0086|cit86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.3310\/hta18600","article-title":"The high prevalence of otitis media with effusion in children with cleft lip and palate as compared to children without clefts","volume":"73","author":"Flynn","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology"},{"issue":"10147","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0087|cit87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31490-9","article-title":"Oral steroids for resolution of otitis media with effusion in children (OSTRICH): a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomised trial","volume":"392","author":"Francis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0088|cit88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015253","article-title":"Autoinflation for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children","author":"Galbraith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0089|cit89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","article-title":"The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note","volume":"38","author":"Goodman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0090|cit90","volume-title":"Social Skills Rating System","author":"Gresham","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0091|cit91","volume-title":"The Griffiths Mental Development Scales from Birth to Two Years, Manual, the 1996 revision","author":"Griffiths","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0092|cit92","first-page":"401","volume-title":"Evidence-Based Otitis Media","author":"Haggard","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0093|cit93","volume-title":"Sequenced Inventory of Communication Development","author":"Hedrick","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0094|cit94","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from training.cochrane.org\/handbook\/archive\/v5.1\/"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0095|cit95","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Thomas J Chandler J Cumpston M Li T Page MJ Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.2 (updated February 2021). Cochrane, 2021 Available from training.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0096|cit96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-1-54","article-title":"The Health Utilities Index (HUI): concepts, measurement properties and applications","volume":"1","author":"Horsman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0097|cit97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(88)80056-8","article-title":"Pediatric Symptom Checklist: screening school-age children for psychosocial dysfunction","volume":"112","author":"Jellinek","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0098|cit98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2012.04038.x","article-title":"Allergic rhinitis is associated with otitis media with effusion: a birth cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Kreiner-M\u00f8ller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Allergy"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0099|cit99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940411301208","article-title":"The Glasgow Children's Benefit Inventory: a new instrument for assessing health-related benefit after an intervention","volume":"113","author":"Kubba","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0100|cit100","volume-title":"The Infant\/Toddler Child Health Questionnaire: conceptual framework, logic content, and preliminary psychometric results","author":"Landgraf","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0101|cit101","volume-title":"The CHQ User\u2019s Manual","author":"Landgraf","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0102|cit102","unstructured":"Lefebvre C Glanville J Briscoe S Littlewood A Marshall C Chapter 4: Searching for and selecting studies. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.2 (updated February 2021). Cochrane, 2021 Available from training.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0103|cit103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2020","article-title":"A core outcome set for research on the management of otitis media with effusion in otherwise-healthy children","volume":"134","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0104|cit104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015252","article-title":"Adenoidectomy for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children","author":"MacKeith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0105|cit105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015215","article-title":"Ventilation tubes (grommets) for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children","author":"MacKeith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0106|cit106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-014-2323-5","article-title":"A cross-sectional analysis of otitis media with effusion in children with Down syndrome","volume":"173","author":"Maris","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0107|cit107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2008.01.020","article-title":"Increased risk of otitis media with effusion in allergic children presenting with adenoiditis","volume":"138","author":"Marseglia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0108|cit108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1287","article-title":"Machine learning for identifying randomized controlled trials: an evaluation and practitioner's guide","volume":"9","author":"Marshall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Research Synthesis Methods"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0109|cit109","volume-title":"Manual for the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities","author":"McCarthy","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0110|cit110","unstructured":"Harnessing the efficiencies of machine learning and Cochrane Crowd to identify randomised trials for individual Cochrane reviews Global Evidence Summit; 2017 Sep 13-17; Cape Town, South Africa 2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0111|cit111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015254","article-title":"Antibiotics for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children","author":"Mulvaney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0112|cit112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.87.2.93","article-title":"The impact of corticosteroids on growth and bone health","volume":"87","author":"Mushtaq","year":"2002","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0113|cit113","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Otitis media with effusion in under 12s: surgery. Clinical guideline [CG60]. Published: 27 February 2008 https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg60"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0114|cit114","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Otitis media with effusion in under 12s. NICE guideline [NG233]. Published: 30 August 2023 https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng233"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0115|cit115","unstructured":"Noel-Storr AH Cochrane Crowd: new ways of working together to produce health evidence Evidence Live; 2018 Jun 18-20; Oxford, UK 2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0116|cit116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890109002087","article-title":"EQ-5D: a measure of health status from the EuroQol Group","volume":"33","author":"Rabin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0117|cit117","unstructured":"Review Manager (RevMan) The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration 2014"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0118|cit118","volume-title":"Reynell Development Language Scales Manual","author":"Reynell","year":"1985"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0119|cit119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1991.01870210056008","article-title":"Systemic steroids for otitis media with effusion in children","volume":"117","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"1991","journal-title":"Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0120|cit120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1997.01900100019002","article-title":"Quality of life for children with otitis media","volume":"123","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"1997","journal-title":"Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0121|cit121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.126.5.585","article-title":"Impact of tympanostomy tubes on child quality of life","volume":"126","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0122|cit122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200310000-00004","article-title":"Natural history of untreated otitis media","volume":"113","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2003","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0123|cit123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599815623467","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline: otitis media with effusion (update)","volume":"154","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0124|cit124","volume-title":"Lexilijst Begrip: An instrument to investigate language comprehension in children aged 15-25 months in the context of early identification","author":"Schlichting","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0125|cit125","volume-title":"Schlichting Test for Language Comprehension; Instruction Manual","author":"Schlichting","year":"2010"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0126|cit126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820984135","article-title":"American Academy of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery\/Foundation Reg-ent Registry: Purpose, properties, and priorities","volume":"164","author":"Schmalbach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0127|cit127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.08.011","article-title":"Living systematic reviews 2: combining human and machine effort","volume":"91","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0128|cit128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-008-0591-2","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the OM8-30 questionnaire in Dutch children with otitis media","volume":"265","author":"Timmerman","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0129|cit129","volume-title":"TAIQOL - Questionnaire for parents of children aged 1 - 5 years","author":"TNO - Prevention and Health\/LUMC","year":"1997"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0130|cit130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joto.2019.01.005","article-title":"Otitis media with effusion in children: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. A review","volume":"14","author":"Vanneste","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Otology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0131|cit131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1367\/1539-4409(2003)003<0329:TPAAPP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The PedsQL 4.0 as a pediatric population health measure: feasibility, reliability, and validity","volume":"3","author":"Varni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ambulatory Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0132|cit132","first-page":"357","article-title":"Health-related quality of life measure for children - the TACQOL","volume":"1","author":"Verrips","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Therapeutics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0133|cit133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocx053","article-title":"Identifying reports of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) via a hybrid machine learning and crowdsourcing approach","volume":"24","author":"Wallace","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0134|cit134","first-page":"0502","article-title":"Otitis media with effusion in children","volume":"2011","author":"Williamson","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ Clinical Evidence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0135|cit135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s40413-017-0168-x","article-title":"Otitis media with effusion and atopy: is there a causal relationship?","volume":"10","author":"Zernotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Allergy Organization Journal"},{"key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0136|cit136","volume-title":"Preschool Language Scale-3","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1992"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0137|cit137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255","article-title":"Topical and oral steroids for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children","author":"Mulvaney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2-BIB0138|cit138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001935.pub3","article-title":"Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children","author":"Simpson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"}],"container-title":["Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T12:48:52Z","timestamp":1755866932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD015255.pub2"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"name":"Cochrane ENT Group","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd015255.pub2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-1858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-1858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]}}}